Inductive elements comprising anisotropic media and a bias coil for magnetically biasing thereof and methods of manufacture and operation for use in applications such as microelectronics. The bias coil generates a magnetic field that biases a magnetic core material during deposition thereof such that a desirable orientation of anisotropy is achieved throughout the magnetic core and enables modulation of the inductive response of the device. The bias coil can generate the magnetic field by application of electrical current therethrough. Alternatively, the bias coil can include or can be replaced with a permanent magnet that can generate the magnetic field without application of electrical current therethrough.

In one example, a method to manufacture a magnetic sensor, comprises providing an electrolyte solution, submersing a substrate in the electrolyte solution, submersing a plurality of ingots in the electrolyte solution, wherein the ingots comprises a metal that is magnetic, and depositing the metal on the substrate by applying a voltage between the metal ingot and the substrate to result in magnetic alloy layer on the substrate. Other examples and related methods are also disclosed herein.

A method includes immersing a wafer in an electrolyte including a plurality of compounds having elements of a high damping magnetic alloy with very low impurity and small uniform grain size. The method also includes applying a pulsed current with a certain range of duty cycle and pulse length to the wafer when the wafer is immersed in an electrolyte. The wafer is removed from the electrolyte when a layer of the high damping magnetic alloy is formed on the wafer.

A micromagnetic device and method of forming the same. In one embodiment, the micromagnetic device includes a seed layer formed over a substrate, and a patterned insulating layer and a patterned protective layer formed over the seed layer providing a first exposed section of the seed layer. The micromagnetic device also includes a first electroplated layer segment electroplated over the first exposed section of the seed layer and laterally over sections of the patterned insulating layer and the patterned protective layer.

A micromagnetic device and method of forming the same. In one embodiment, the micromagnetic device includes a seed layer formed over a substrate, and a patterned insulating layer and a patterned protective layer formed over the seed layer providing a first exposed section of the seed layer. The micromagnetic device also includes a first electroplated layer segment electroplated over the first exposed section of the seed layer and laterally over sections of the patterned insulating layer and the patterned protective layer.

A mounting substrate includes a resin layer and a first conductor including a contact surface in contact with the resin layer. The first conductor includes a first surface facing toward the mounting surface and a second surface on a side opposite to the first surface and extends in a direction parallel or substantially parallel to the mounting surface. The first conductor has a difference of a maximum value and a minimum value of a distance between the first surface and the mounting surface smaller than a difference of a maximum value and a minimum value of a distance between the second surface and the mounting surface. The resin layer includes a resin wall portion surrounding an opening portion partially exposing the first conductor on the mounting surface side, and the first conductor includes an exposed portion defining a mounting electrode.

A mounting substrate includes a resin layer and a first conductor including a contact surface in contact with the resin layer. The first conductor includes a first surface facing toward the mounting surface and a second surface on a side opposite to the first surface and extends in a direction parallel or substantially parallel to the mounting surface. The first conductor has a difference of a maximum value and a minimum value of a distance between the first surface and the mounting surface smaller than a difference of a maximum value and a minimum value of a distance between the second surface and the mounting surface. The resin layer includes a resin wall portion surrounding an opening portion partially exposing the first conductor on the mounting surface side, and the first conductor includes an exposed portion defining a mounting electrode.

Methods and systems for producing are disclosed. A method for producing iron, for example, comprises: providing an iron-containing ore to a dissolution subsystem comprising a first electrochemical cell; wherein the first anolyte has a different composition than the first catholyte; dissolving at least a portion of the iron-containing ore using an acid to form an acidic iron-salt solution having dissolved first Fe.sup.3+ ions; providing at least a portion of the acidic iron-salt solution to the first cathodic chamber; first electrochemically reducing said first Fe.sup.3+ ions in the first catholyte to form Fe.sup.2+ ions; transferring the formed Fe.sup.2+ ions from the dissolution subsystem to an iron-plating subsystem having a second electrochemical cell; second electrochemically reducing a first portion of the transferred formed Fe.sup.2+ ions to Fe metal at a second cathode of the second electrochemical cell; and removing the Fe metal.

Methods and systems for producing iron from an iron-containing ore are disclosed. For example, a method for producing iron comprises: providing an iron-containing ore to a dissolution subsystem comprising a first electrochemical cell and a dissolution tank; dissolving the iron-containing ore to form an acidic iron-salt solution; reducing Fe.sup.3+ ions to form Fe.sup.2+ ions and electrochemically generating protons in the first electrochemical cell; circulating solution between the dissolution tank and the first electrochemical cell; transferring formed Fe.sup.2+ ions from the dissolution subsystem to an iron-plating subsystem having a second electrochemical cell; second electrochemically reducing a first portion of the transferred formed Fe.sup.2+ ions to Fe metal at a second cathode of the second electrochemical cell; and removing the Fe metal. The methods and systems optionally include removing one or more impurities found in the feedstock.

Methods and systems for dissolving an iron-containing ore are disclosed. For example, a method of processing and dissolving an iron-containing ore comprises: thermally reducing one or more non-magnetite iron oxide materials in the iron-containing ore to form magnetite in the presence of a reductant, thereby forming thermally-reduced ore; and dissolving at least a portion of the thermally-reduced ore using an acid to form an acidic iron-salt solution; wherein the acidic iron-salt solution comprises protons electrochemically generated in an electrochemical cell.