Processes and formulations for manufacturing a painted circuit are disclosed. In some implementations, a painted circuit can be manufactured using a process including providing a substrate and applying one or more paint layers on a surface of the substrate, where the one or more paint layers each form an electrical component of the painted circuit. A given paint layer of the one or more paint layers can include a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer, and lower concentrations of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of conductive material.

Painted circuit devices, methods, and systems are disclosed. In some implementations, painted circuit devices are created using multiple layers of electrically conductive paint. In one aspect, a painted circuit includes a substrate and one or more paint layer applied to the substrate, where the one or more paint layers each form an electrical component of the painted circuit. A given paint layer of the one or more paint layers can include a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer, and lower concentrations of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of conductive material.

An electrochemical reaction device of an embodiment includes: an electrolytic solution tank; a first electrode in the first room; a second electrode in the second room; and a generator. The electrolytic solution tank includes a first room and a second room. The first room is capable of storing a first electrolytic solution containing a first substance including carbon dioxide. The second room is capable of storing a second electrolytic solution containing a second substance. The first electrode reduces the first substance. The second electrode oxidizes the second substance. The generator is electrically connected to the first and second electrodes. The first electrode includes a conductor having a flow path penetrating through the conductor.

Solid, or highly viscous, organic electrolytes consisting of alkylimidazolium cation with alkyl, PEGylated and fluorinated side chains of different molecular weights were synthesized and characterized (cf. chemical structures in Schemes 1 and 2). The PEGylated/fluorinated imidazolium iodide is a solid organic electrolyte that has a conductivity of about 210.sup.5 S/cm at 30 C. The ionic conductivity could be significantly increased (1.1110.sup.4 S/cm at 30 C. and S/cm at 2.8810.sup.3 at 90 C.) by blending the PEGylated/fluorinated imidazolium iodide with another solid electrolyte, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide (EtMImI). The PEGylated imidazolium iodides synthesized in the present work have conductivities in the range 1.610.sup.4 S/cm to 210.sup.4 S/cm at 30 C. and viscosities in the range 620 cP to 720 cP at 30 C. The iodide counter ion in the present electrolytes supplies the anion for the I.sup./I.sub.3.sup. redox mediators for DSSCs. Therefore, the organic electrolytes of the present invention can be used even without the addition of inorganic salts such as LiI or KI. We found that the addition of an organic solid electrolyte, EtMImI, resulted in an increase in the ionic conductivity of the PEGylated/fluorinated imidazolium iodides, whereas the addition of the inorganic LiI led to a decrease in ionic conductivity. All the electrolytes are thermally stable until high temperatures (250 C. to 300 C.).

The present invention relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell unit (1) comprising a working electrode comprising a light-absorbing layer (10), a porous first conducting layer (12) for extracting photo-generated electrons from the light-absorbing layer (10), wherein the light-absorbing layer (10) is arranged on top of the first conducting layer (12), a porous insulating layer (105c) made of an insulating material, wherein the porous first conducting layer (12) is arranged on top of the porous insulating layer (105c). The dye-sensitized solar cell unit (1) further comprises a counter electrode comprising a second conducting layer (16) including conducting material, and a porous third conducting layer (106c) disposed between the porous insulating layer (105c) and the second conducting layer (16), and in electrical contact with the second conducting layer. The dye-sensitized solar cell unit (1) further comprises a liquid electrolyte for transferring charges between the counter electrode and the working electrode. The second conducting layer (16) is non-catalytic and the third conducting layer (106c) comprises catalytic particles (107) for improving the transfer of electrons to the liquid electrolyte.

Painted circuit devices, methods, and systems are disclosed. In some implementations, painted circuit devices are created using multiple layers of electrically conductive paint. In one aspect, a painted circuit includes a substrate and one or more paint layer applied to the substrate, where the one or more paint layers each form an electrical component of the painted circuit. A given paint layer of the one or more paint layers can include a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer, and lower concentrations of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of conductive material.

A photoelectric conversion device of an embodiment includes, in sequence: a substrate; a first electrode; a photoelectric conversion layer containing a perovskite compound and a solvent; and a second electrode. The perovskite compound has a composition represented by a composition formula of ABX.sub.3. The A represents at least one selected from a monovalent cation of a metal element and a monovalent cation of an amine compound. The B represents a bivalent cation of a metal element. The X represents a monovalent anion of a halogen element. The number of molecules of the solvent with respect to one crystal lattice of the perovskite compound ranges from 0.004 to 0.5.

An organic material purification composition, a mixed composition, and a method of purifying an organic material, the organic material purification composition including an ionic liquid in which a cation and an anion are combined; and an organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent includes an alcohol or a ketone.

Disclosed is a photoelectric conversion element including a cell. The cell includes an electrode substrate, a counter substrate, an oxide semiconductor layer provided on the electrode substrate, an electrolyte provided between the electrode substrate and the counter substrate, and an annular sealing portion joining the electrode substrate and the counter substrate. The layer includes a main body portion provided inside the sealing portion and on the electrode substrate and extending straight from the electrode substrate toward the counter substrate, and a protruding portion which protrudes from the main body portion toward the sealing portion and does not come into contact with the electrode substrate. A width of a second surface of the layer facing the counter substrate is longer than a width of a first surface which is a boundary surface between the layer and the electrode substrate in a cross section along a thickness direction of the layer.

The present invention relates to a solar cell and a method for manufacturing thereof. The solar cell comprises a porous insulating substrate (2), a first porous conducting layer (4) and a second porous conducting layer (6) disposed on opposite sides of the porous insulating substrate, a light absorbing layer (8) in electrical contact with the first conducting layer, and an electrolyte integrally positioned through the porous conductive layers, the porous insulating substrate and the light absorbing layer to transfer charge carriers between the second conducting layer and the light absorbing layer. The light absorbing layer (8) comprises a plurality of grains (10) of a doped semiconducting material.