A radiation detector includes a substrate including a charge collection electrode, a radiation absorption layer disposed on one side with respect to the substrate and including perovskite structure particles and a binder resin; and a voltage application electrode disposed on the one side with respect to the radiation absorption layer, a bias voltage being applied to the voltage application electrode so that a potential difference is generated between the voltage application electrode and the charge collection electrode.

Provided are a hole transport material composite including a lead-free perovskite (Cs.sub.2SnI.sub.6), a liquid ionic conductor and a solvent that is a solid at a room temperature, a solar cell, and a method of manufacturing the lead-free perovskite-based hole transport material composite.

Provided is a photoelectric conversion element including: a first electrode; a hole blocking layer; an electron transport layer; a hole transport layer; and a second electrode, wherein the hole transport layer contains a compound represented by general formula (1) below, ##STR00001##
where in the formula, R.sub.1 represents a methoxy group or an ethoxy group, R.sub.2 represents a hydrogen group or a methyl group, R.sub.3 represents a hydrogen group, a methyl group, or a methoxy group, R.sub.4 represents a methoxy group, and X represents CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, O, or C(CH.sub.2).sub.5.

Provided is a photoelectric conversion element including a first electrode, a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, a first hole transport layer, and a second electrode, wherein the first hole transport layer includes at least one of basic compounds represented by general formula (1a) and general formula (1b) below:

##STR00001##

where in the formula (1a) or (1b), R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group or aromatic hydrocarbon group and may be identical or different, and R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may bind with each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group containing a nitrogen atom.

A method of ligand-induced regional modification of a perovskite film of perovskite optoelectronic device can include generating a ligand atmosphere, exposing a perovskite optoelectronic device in the ligand atmosphere, and removing the perovskite optoelectronic device from the ligand atmosphere. Methods for improving the performance and stability of perovskite optoelectronic devices are performed by using a ligand-induced modification of complete devices at room temperature. This post-device treatment, completely separated from the fabrication process of common perovskite optoelectronic devices, provides a general strategy to improve the stability of different completed perovskite optoelectronic devices (i.e., perovskite solar cells, perovskite light-emitting diodes, and photodetectors) without introducing any undesirable impurities during device fabrication.

A radiation detector includes a substrate including a charge collection electrode, a radiation absorption layer disposed on one side with respect to the substrate and including perovskite structure particles and a binder resin; and a voltage application electrode disposed on the one side with respect to the radiation absorption layer, a bias voltage being applied to the voltage application electrode so that a potential difference is generated between the voltage application electrode and the charge collection electrode.

Provided herein are dyes, dye-sensitized solar cells, and sequential series multijunction dye-sensitized solar cell devices. The dyes include an electron deficient acceptor moiety, a medium electron density -bridge moiety, and an electron rich donor moiety comprising a biaryl, a substituted biaryl, or an R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 substituted phenyl where each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 independently comprises H, aryl, multiaryl, alkyl substituted aryl, alkoxy substituted aryl, alkyl substituted multiaryl, alkoxy substituted multiaryl, OR.sup.4, N(R.sup.5).sub.2, or a combination thereof; each R.sup.4 independently comprises H, alkyl, aryl, alkyl substituted aryl, alkoxy substituted aryl, or a combination thereof; and each R.sup.5 independently comprises aryl, multiaryl, alkyl substituted aryl, alkoxy substituted aryl, alkyl substituted multiaryl, alkoxy substituted multiaryl, or a combination thereof. The solar cells include a glass substrate, a dye-sensitized active layer, and a redox shuttle. The devices include at least two dye-sensitized solar cells connected in series.

An aspect of the present disclosures is a method that includes applying a perovskite precursor solution to a first solid conductor and treating the perovskite precursor solution such that a first portion of the perovskite precursor solution is converted to a first solid perovskite, where the first solid conductor comprises a first charge transport characteristic, which is predominantly p-type or predominantly n-type, and the treating results in the first solid perovskite having a second charge transport characteristic that is substantially the same as the first charge transport characteristic.

Provided herein are dyes, dye-sensitized solar cells, and sequential series multijunction dye-sensitized solar cell devices. The dyes include an electron deficient acceptor moiety, a medium electron density ?-bridge moiety, and an electron rich donor moiety comprising a biaryl, a substituted biaryl, or an R1, R2, R3 substituted phenyl where each of R1, R2, and R3 independently comprises H, aryl, multiaryl, alkyl substituted aryl, alkoxy substituted aryl, alkyl substituted multiaryl, alkoxy substituted multiaryl, OR4, N(R5)2, or a combination thereof; each R4 independently comprises H, alkyl, aryl, alkyl substituted aryl, alkoxy substituted aryl, or a combination thereof; and each R5 independently comprises aryl, multiaryl, alkyl substituted aryl, alkoxy substituted aryl, alkyl substituted multiaryl, alkoxy substituted multiaryl, or a combination thereof. The solar cells include a glass substrate, a dye-sensitized active layer, and a redox shuttle. The devices include at least two dye-sensitized solar cells connected in series.

The present invention relates to a boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based copolymer, a method for preparing the copolymer, a solar cell including the copolymer, and a method for manufacturing the solar cell. By applying the copolymer of the present invention to a hole transporting layer, a solar cell having improved device characteristics such as charge mobility and power conversion efficiency and allowing those characteristics to be maintained for a long time may be provided.