Disclosed herein are novel hole transporting materials comprising polycyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbon compounds that are easy to synthesize and inexpensive. The hole transporting materials of the present disclosure have high hole mobility and thus do not require any doping. The hole transporting materials of the present disclosure also have matching frontier orbitals when used in devices with the perovskite and cathodes, facilitating hole migration across perovskite/hole transporting layers and hole transporting layer/cathode interfaces. The hole transporting materials of the present disclosure can further be hydrophobic with no moisture attracting atoms. The hole transporting materials can be used to form dense and uniform films on perovskite, and combined with hydrophobicity, form an excellent moisture barrier for the perovskite. With the present disclosure compound as the hole transporting layer in a perovskite solar cell, highly stable and highly efficient and inexpensive solar cells can be achieved.

A flexible TiInZnO transparent electrode for a dye-sensitized solar cell includes a flexible transparent substrate, and a TiInZnO thin-film on the flexible transparent substrate. The TiInZnO thin-film has an amorphous structure. The flexible transparent electrode, despite being deposited at room or low temperature, has low surface resistance, high conductivity and transmittance, superior resistance against external bending, improved surface characteristics and better surface roughness performance.

An electrochemical reaction device includes: an electrolytic solution tank including a first storage part storing a first electrolytic solution and a second storage part storing a second electrolytic solution; a reduction electrode immersed in the first electrolytic solution; and an oxidation electrode immersed in the second electrolytic solution. The second electrolytic solution contains a substance to be oxidized. The first electrolytic solution has a first liquid phase containing water and a second liquid phase containing an organic solvent and being in contact with the first liquid phase. At least one liquid phase of the first liquid phase or the second liquid phase contains a substance to be reduced and is in contact with the reduction electrode.

A photovoltaic device comprises plural layers separated into plural cells, each comprising a region of a photoactive layer and electrodes on opposite sides thereof. Each of the regions of the photoactive layer are formed comprising a first part that comprises photoactive material and a second part that is not photoactive and that has a greater transmittance of visible light than the light absorbing photoactive material, in pre-selected locations, or in a pre-selected distribution of locations, across the region of the photoactive layer. One of the first and second parts are located in plural separate areas within the other of the first and second parts. The transparency of the photovoltaic device is increased by the transmission of light through the second part that is not photoactive.

Photovoltaic devices such as solar cells, hybrid solar cell-batteries, and other such devices may include an active layer disposed between two electrodes. The active layer may have perovskite material and other material such as mesoporous material, interfacial layers, thin-coat interfacial layers, and combinations thereof. The perovskite material may be photoactive. The perovskite material may be disposed between two or more other materials in the photovoltaic device. Inclusion of these materials in various arrangements within an active layer of a photovoltaic device may improve device performance. Other materials may be included to further improve device performance, such as, for example: additional perovskites, and additional interfacial layers.

The present disclosure relates to perovskite thin film low-pressure chemical deposition equipment and a usage method thereof, and application of the usage method. The equipment comprises a main chamber, wherein two precursor heating plates and a substrate holddown groove are respectively arranged in the main chamber, the precursor heating plates are respectively provided with precursor containers, a plurality of groups of substrates on which a thin film is to be deposited are arranged on the substrate holddown groove, each group is provided with two substrates which are tightly attached back to back, and the surface of each of the two substrates on which a thin film is to be deposited faces towards one end of the main chamber; the left and right ends of the main chamber respectively communicate with carrier gas pipelines provided with carrier gas inlet mass flow control valves, the main chamber also communicates with a vacuum providing unit, and the main chamber is also provided with a main chamber heater for heating the substrates; and the carrier gas pipelines on the two ends respectively communicate with solvent evaporators. By adopting simultaneous introduction of the gas from the two ends of the main chamber and the substrate back-to-back configuration mode, the rate of preparing the perovskite thin film by the method is doubled as compared with the existing methods.

Processes and formulations for manufacturing a painted circuit are disclosed. In some implementations, a painted circuit can be manufactured using a process including providing a substrate and applying one or more paint layers on a surface of the substrate, where the one or more paint layers each form an electrical component of the painted circuit. A given paint layer of the one or more paint layers can include a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer, and lower concentrations of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of conductive material.

Painted circuit devices, methods, and systems are disclosed. In some implementations, painted circuit devices are created using multiple layers of electrically conductive paint. In one aspect, a painted circuit includes a substrate and one or more paint layer applied to the substrate, where the one or more paint layers each form an electrical component of the painted circuit. A given paint layer of the one or more paint layers can include a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer, and lower concentrations of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of conductive material.

Painted circuit devices, methods, and systems are disclosed. In some implementations, painted circuit devices are created using multiple layers of electrically conductive paint. In one aspect, a painted circuit includes a substrate and one or more paint layer applied to the substrate, where the one or more paint layers each form an electrical component of the painted circuit. A given paint layer of the one or more paint layers can include a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer, and lower concentrations of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of conductive material.

Methods and devices for forming painted circuits using multiple layers of electrically conductive paint. In one aspect, a painted circuit includes a substrate and one or more paint layers applied to the substrate where the one or more paint layers each form an electrical component of the painted circuit, and where the one or more paint layers includes a p-type hole conducting paint layer applied to the substrate, a photosensitized paint layer applied to the p-type hole conducing paint layer, an n-type electron conducting paint layer applied to the photosensitized paint layer, and a transparent protective paint layer applied to the n-type electron conducting paint layer.