A composite photovoltaic structure having the following components is illustrated. A first photovoltaic unit is disposed on a transparent substrate, and electrically connected to a second photovoltaic unit in parallel, and the second photovoltaic unit is stacked on the first photovoltaic unit. The first photovoltaic unit is disposed on a second transparent electrode layer, and a first transparent conductive layer is disposed on a top of the first photovoltaic unit and electrically connected to a first transparent electrode layer, and the second photovoltaic unit is disposed on the first transparent conductive layer. A second transparent conductive layer is disposed on the second photovoltaic unit and is electrically connected to the second transparent electrode layer. Thus, the composite photovoltaic structure has a photoelectric reaction area of a significantly improved omnidirectional concentration gain, an efficiently induced current and a low manufacturing cost, without affecting the whole structure thickness.

The dye-sensitized solar cell comprises a first electrode including a porous semiconductor layer supporting a dye; and a second electrode serving as a counter electrode of the first electrode. The second electrode includes a counter electrode conductive layer containing an absorbent supporting a dye that is the same as or different from the dye supported by the porous semiconductor layer.

A photovoltaic device includes a first electrode, a first photoactive material layer, one or more interfacial layers, a second photoactive material layer comprising a 2-D perovskite material having the formula (C′).sub.a(C).sub.bM.sub.nX.sub.3n+1 and a second electrode. C′ is a bulky organic cation, C is a small organic or inorganic cation, M is a metal, X is a halide, a and b are real numbers, and n is an integer.

The present disclosure discloses metal oxide nanoparticle ink, a method of preparing the same, a metal oxide nanoparticle thin film manufactured using the same, and a photoelectric device using the same. The method of preparing metal oxide nanoparticle ink according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a step of, using a ligand solution including a metal oxide and an organic ligand, synthesizing a first nanoparticle that is a metal oxide nanoparticle surrounded with the organic ligand; a step of preparing a dispersion solution by dispersing the first nanoparticle in a solvent; a step of preparing a second nanoparticle by mixing the dispersion solution and a pH-adjusted alcohol solvent and then performing ultrasonication treatment to remove the organic ligand surrounding the first nanoparticle; and a step of preparing metal oxide nanoparticle ink by dispersing the second nanoparticle in a dispersion solvent.

Presented herein is a voltaic cell containing light harvesting antennae or other biologically-based electron generating structures optionally in a microbial population, an electron siphon population having electron conductive properties with individual siphons configured to accept electrons from the light harvesting antennae and transport the electrons to a current collector, an optional light directing system (e.g., a mirror), and a regulator having sensing and regulatory feedback properties for the conversion of photobiochemical energy and biochemical energy to electricity. Also presented herein is a voltaic cell having electricity-generating abilities in the absence of light. Also presented herein is the use of the voltaic cell in a solar panel.

The present invention relates to a multi-layer material comprising an assembly of layers, called front layers, capable of forming a front photovoltaic cell, and an assembly of layers, called rear layers, capable of forming a rear photovoltaic cell, wherein the front layer assembly and the rear layer assembly are electrically insulated by an insulating layer of epitaxial material.

A composite photovoltaic structure having the following components is illustrated. A first photovoltaic unit is disposed on a transparent substrate, and electrically connected to a second photovoltaic unit in parallel, and the second photovoltaic unit is stacked on the first photovoltaic unit. The first photovoltaic unit is disposed on a second transparent electrode layer, and a first transparent conductive layer is disposed on a top of the first photovoltaic unit and electrically connected to a first transparent electrode layer, and the second photovoltaic unit is disposed on the first transparent conductive layer. A second transparent conductive layer is disposed on the second photovoltaic unit and is electrically connected to the second transparent electrode layer. Thus, the composite photovoltaic structure has a photoelectric reaction area of a significantly improved omnidirectional concentration gain, an efficiently induced current and a low manufacturing cost, without affecting the whole structure thickness.

A manufacturing method of a composite photovoltaic structure including a step of forming a transparent electrode material, a step of forming a first photovoltaic unit, a step of forming a first insulation layer, a step of forming a first transparent conductive layer, a step of forming a second photovoltaic unit, a step of forming a second insulation layer, a step of forming a second transparent conductive layer and a step of splitting a product. Thus, the manufacturing method of the composite photovoltaic structure has a photoelectric reaction area of a significantly improved omnidirectional concentration gain, an efficiently induced current and a low manufacturing cost, without affecting the whole structure thickness.

Presented herein is a voltaic cell containing light harvesting antennae or other biologically-based electron generating structures optionally in a microbial population, an electron siphon population having electron conductive properties with individual siphons configured to accept electrons from the light harvesting antennae and transport the electrons to a current collector, an optional light directing system (e.g., a mirror), and a regulator having sensing and regulatory feedback properties for the conversion of photobiochemical energy and biochemical energy to electricity. Also presented herein is a voltaic cell having electricity-generating abilities in the absence of light. Also presented herein is the use of the voltaic cell in a solar panel.

The dye-sensitized solar cell comprises a first electrode including a porous semiconductor layer supporting a dye; and a second electrode serving as a counter electrode of the first electrode. The second electrode includes a counter electrode conductive layer containing an absorbent supporting a dye that is the same as or different from the dye supported by the porous semiconductor layer.