A novel electrode and associated method of manufacturing said novel electrode comprising a porous structure having absorbed polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), a self-assembled polypyrole (PPy) layer adjacent to the PSS absorbed porous structure, a self-assembled polyaniline (PANI) layer adjacent to the PPy layer, an electrochemically deposited PANI layer adjacent to the PPy layer and an electrochemically deposited PANI-molybdenum disulfide (PANI-MoS.sub.2) layer adjacent to the electrochemically deposited PANI layer. A supercapacitor and associated method of manufacturing a supercapacitor comprising a first novel electrode and a second novel electrode separated by a polyvinyl gel and a porous separator.

A novel electrode and associated method of manufacturing said novel electrode comprising a porous structure having absorbed polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), a self-assembled polypyrole (PPy) layer adjacent to the PSS absorbed porous structure, a self-assembled polyaniline (PANI) layer adjacent to the PPy layer, an electrochemically deposited PANI layer adjacent to the PPy layer and an electrochemically deposited PANI-molybdenum disulfide (PANI-MoS.sub.2) layer adjacent to the electrochemically deposited PANI layer. A supercapacitor and associated method of manufacturing a supercapacitor comprising a first novel electrode and a second novel electrode separated by a polyvinyl gel and a porous separator.

The present invention provides an energy device having excellent properties. Also provided is a nonaqueous electrolyte solution containing a compound represented by the following Formula (1), wherein R.sup.11, R.sup.12 and R.sup.13 each independently represent an organic group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and R.sup.11 and R.sup.12, R.sup.11 and R.sup.13, or R.sup.12 and R.sup.13 are optionally bound with each other to form a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered ring, with a proviso that a total number of carbon atoms of R.sup.11, R.sup.12 and R.sup.13 is 7 or less. ##STR00001##

The present invention provides an energy device having excellent properties. Also provided is a nonaqueous electrolyte solution containing a compound represented by the following Formula (1), wherein R.sup.11, R.sup.12 and R.sup.13 each independently represent an organic group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and R.sup.11 and R.sup.12, R.sup.11 and R.sup.13, or R.sup.12 and R.sup.13 are optionally bound with each other to form a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered ring, with a proviso that a total number of carbon atoms of R.sup.11, R.sup.12 and R.sup.13 is 7 or less. ##STR00001##

A dual-function supercapacitor carbon fiber composite stores electrical energy and functions, for example, as the body shell of electric vehicles (EVs). This is achieved with a vertically aligned graphene on carbon fiber electrode, upon which metal oxides were deposited to obtain ultra-high energy density anode and cathode. A high-strength multilayer carbon composite assembly is fabricated using an alternate layer patterning configuration of epoxy and polyacrylamide gel electrolyte. The energized composite delivers a high areal energy density of 0.31 mWh cm.sup.−2 at 0.3 mm thickness and showed a high tensile strength of 518 MPa, bending strength of 477 MPa, and impact strength 2666 J/m. To show application in EVs, a toy car body fabricated with energized composite operates using the energy stored inside the frame. Moreover, when integrated with a solar cell, this composite powered an IoT (interne of things) device, showing feasibility in communication satellites.

A flexible energy storage device with a redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte is provided. The flexible energy storage device can include a pair of electrodes separated by the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte. The redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte can include a polymer hydrogel, charge balancing anions and redox-active transition metal cations at least one selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, and copper. The flexible energy storage device may retain greater than 75% of an unbent specific capacitance when bent at an angle of 10° to 170°.

A flexible energy storage device with a redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte is provided. The flexible energy storage device can include a pair of electrodes separated by the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte. The redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte can include a polymer hydrogel, charge balancing anions and redox-active transition metal cations at least one selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, and copper. The flexible energy storage device may retain greater than 75% of an unbent specific capacitance when bent at an angle of 10° to 170°.

An energy storage device according to an aspect of the present invention includes a negative electrode and a positive electrode, the negative electrode includes a negative substrate and a negative active material layer directly or indirectly layered on the negative substrate, the negative active material layer contains a negative active material, the negative active material contains solid graphite particles as a main component, the aspect ratio of the solid graphite particles is 1 or more and 5 or less, and a negative electrode utilization factor that is the proportion of the amount of charge per mass of the negative active material in a full charge state to a theoretical capacity per mass of graphite is 0.65 or more.

The objective of the present invention is to provide a carbon material excellent in conductivity. The carbon material according to the present invention has a graphene sheet as a basic skeleton and is doped with boron so that carbon is substituted with boron, the carbon material being characterized in that the boron content in the carbon material is 0.005-15 mol %, and when the content of dopant boron that substitutes carbon on the surface of the carbon material is denoted by X (mol %) and the content of boron in the carbon material is denoted by Y (mol %), X/Y<0.8 is satisfied.

The present invention relates to an additive for an electrochemical device positive electrode comprising a porous carbon material, wherein the porous carbon material has a pore volume of pores having a diameter of 2 nm or more of 0.25 cm.sup.3/g or more, a pore volume of pores having a diameter of less than 2 nm of 0.5 cm.sup.3/g or less, and an ash content of 0.5% by weight or less.