Disclosed herein is electrode comprising a current collector comprising a conductor layer having at least a first surface; and elongated metal carbide nanostructures extending from the first surface; and a carbonaceous energy storage media disposed on the first surface and in contact with the elongated metal carbide nanostructures. Disclosed herein too is an ultracapacitor comprising at least one electrode comprising a current collector comprising a conductor layer having at least a first surface; and elongated metal carbide nanostructures extending from the first surface; and a carbonaceous energy storage media disposed on the first surface and in contact with the elongated metal carbide nanostructures.

Provided herein are electrodes which include graphene nanoribbons of uniform length and greater than 90% purity. Also provided herein are energy storage devices, where the electrodes include graphene nanoribbons of uniform length and greater than 90% purity. The energy storage device may be, for example, a lithium-ion battery, a lithium-ion polymer battery, a solid-state battery or an ultracapacitor.

Provided herein are electrodes which include graphene nanoribbons of uniform length and greater than 90% purity. Also provided herein are energy storage devices, where the electrodes include graphene nanoribbons of uniform length and greater than 90% purity. The energy storage device may be, for example, a lithium-ion battery, a lithium-ion polymer battery, a solid-state battery or an ultracapacitor.

A flexible energy storage device with a glycerol-based gel electrolyte is provided. The flexible energy storage device can include a pair of electrodes separated by the gel electrolyte. The electrolytes can be in gel form, bendable and stretchable in a device. The gel electrolyte can include glycerol, redox-active molybdenum-containing ions, and a secondary ionic substance. The secondary ionic substance can include a salt. The gel electrolyte can have a density of 1.4 to 1.9 g/cm.sup.3 and an ionic conductivity of 2.3×10.sup.−4 to 3.2×10.sup.−4 Scm.sup.−1. The flexible energy storage device may retain greater than 95% of an unbent energy storage capacity when bent at an angle of 10 to 170°.

A flexible energy storage device with a glycerol-based gel electrolyte is provided. The flexible energy storage device can include a pair of electrodes separated by the gel electrolyte. The electrolytes can be in gel form, bendable and stretchable in a device. The gel electrolyte can include glycerol, redox-active molybdenum-containing ions, and a secondary ionic substance. The secondary ionic substance can include a salt. The gel electrolyte can have a density of 1.4 to 1.9 g/cm.sup.3 and an ionic conductivity of 2.3×10.sup.−4 to 3.2×10.sup.−4 Scm.sup.−1. The flexible energy storage device may retain greater than 95% of an unbent energy storage capacity when bent at an angle of 10 to 170°.

An electrode comprising galvanic membranes having a thickness defined by an average length of vectors normal to a membrane first surface and extending to where said vectors intersect a membrane uncompressed second surface; a non-porous metal sheet having first and second surfaces; a non-porous dielectric sheet having first and second surfaces; square weave metal wire screens having a wire diameter slightly greater than one half the at least one galvanic membrane thickness dimension; wherein, at least one galvanic membrane is adjacent the metal wire screen on the at least one galvanic membrane first and second surfaces in a stack of membranes and screens; the metal wire screen is adjacent the first surface of the non-porous dielectric sheet; the second surfaces of non-porous metal sheets have a sustained pressure of at least 7 million Pascal; and; the metal wire screen is collectively in incompressible vertical alignment with another metal wire screen.

An anode material including a metal oxide-conductive inorganic material complex including a metal oxide and a conductive inorganic material bound to the metal oxide, wherein the complex is doped with one or more doping elements selected from the group consisting of transition metals and amphoteric metal elements, and a preparation method thereof, are provided.

An anode material including a metal oxide-conductive inorganic material complex including a metal oxide and a conductive inorganic material bound to the metal oxide, wherein the complex is doped with one or more doping elements selected from the group consisting of transition metals and amphoteric metal elements, and a preparation method thereof, are provided.

A subsurface battery comprises an anodic fracture disposed within a subsurface stratum and a cathodic fracture disposed with the subsurface stratum. A first well electrode contacts the anodic fracture and a second well electrode contacts the cathodic fracture.

A subsurface battery comprises an anodic fracture disposed within a subsurface stratum and a cathodic fracture disposed with the subsurface stratum. A first well electrode contacts the anodic fracture and a second well electrode contacts the cathodic fracture.