An electronic switch apparatus, a capacitive strain gauge apparatus and a nozzle apparatus, as well as methods for making electrodes such as liquid metal pipes are provided. A nozzle apparatus includes (a) a nozzle housing defining a cavity, where the nozzle housing defines an inlet at a first end and defines an outlet at a second end and (b) a first tube defining an inlet at a first end and defining an outlet at a second end, wherein the first tube is at least partially disposed in and is co-axially arranged with the nozzle housing, where the first tube defines a first flow channel, wherein a second flow channel is defined between an exterior surface of the first tube and an interior surface of the nozzle housing.

A switch device capable of safely opening an electrical circuit in response to an abnormality such as wetting with water or liquid leaking from a battery. The device includes a first conductor connected to an external circuit and having a relatively high ionization tendency, and a second conductor arranged close to the first conductor and having a relatively low ionization tendency which is lower than that of the first conductor, a reaction part which electrically corrodes the first conductor is formed by a liquid between the first and second conductors.

A switch device capable of safely opening an electrical circuit in response to an abnormality such as wetting with water or liquid leaking from a battery. The device includes a first conductor connected to an external circuit and having a relatively high ionization tendency, and a second conductor arranged close to the first conductor and having a relatively low ionization tendency which is lower than that of the first conductor, a reaction part which electrically corrodes the first conductor is formed by a liquid between the first and second conductors.

An apparatus and method wherein the apparatus comprises: includes a channel; at least one pair of electrodes provided within sides of the channel; an electrolyte configured to move through the channel such that when the electrolyte is positioned between the at least one pair of electrodes the electrolyte provides a current path between the at least one pair of electrodes; and wherein the at least one pair of electrodes are configured such that movement of the electrolyte through the channel enables a time varying voltage to be provided.

An apparatus and method wherein the apparatus comprises: includes a channel; at least one pair of electrodes provided within sides of the channel; an electrolyte configured to move through the channel such that when the electrolyte is positioned between the at least one pair of electrodes the electrolyte provides a current path between the at least one pair of electrodes; and wherein the at least one pair of electrodes are configured such that movement of the electrolyte through the channel enables a time varying voltage to be provided.

A contact is provided that includes a first contact member formed of material containing tungsten, the first contact member having an exposed surface and a first pocket opening to the exposed surface, the first pocket having a circumscribing side wall and a bottom wall that define an interior of the first pocket; a first metal layer on the bottom wall of the first pocket and having a top surface that is below the exposed surface of the first contact member; a liquid metal layer formed of a material containing a Galinstan alloy on the top surface only of the first metal layer and extending above the exposed surface of the first contact member, and the liquid metal layer is compliant and is displaced by pressure applied to the liquid metal layer and returns to an original shape in response to removal of the pressure on the liquid metal layer.

A contact is provided that includes a first contact member formed of material containing tungsten, the first contact member having an exposed surface and a first pocket opening to the exposed surface, the first pocket having a circumscribing side wall and a bottom wall that define an interior of the first pocket; a first metal layer on the bottom wall of the first pocket and having a top surface that is below the exposed surface of the first contact member; a liquid metal layer formed of a material containing a Galinstan alloy on the top surface only of the first metal layer and extending above the exposed surface of the first contact member, and the liquid metal layer is compliant and is displaced by pressure applied to the liquid metal layer and returns to an original shape in response to removal of the pressure on the liquid metal layer.

An electronic switch apparatus, a capacitive strain gauge apparatus and a nozzle apparatus, as well as methods for making electrodes such as liquid metal pipes are provided. A nozzle apparatus includes (a) a nozzle housing defining a cavity, where the nozzle housing defines an inlet at a first end and defines an outlet at a second end and (b) a first tube defining an inlet at a first end and defining an outlet at a second end, wherein the first tube is at least partially disposed in and is co-axially arranged with the nozzle housing, where the first tube defines a first flow channel, wherein a second flow channel is defined between an exterior surface of the first tube and an interior surface of the nozzle housing.

An electronic switch apparatus, a capacitive strain gauge apparatus and a nozzle apparatus, as well as methods for making electrodes such as liquid metal pipes are provided. A nozzle apparatus includes (a) a nozzle housing defining a cavity, where the nozzle housing defines an inlet at a first end and defines an outlet at a second end and (b) a first tube defining an inlet at a first end and defining an outlet at a second end, wherein the first tube is at least partially disposed in and is co-axially arranged with the nozzle housing, where the first tube defines a first flow channel, wherein a second flow channel is defined between an exterior surface of the first tube and an interior surface of the nozzle housing.

An electrical contact is provided that includes a conductive base contact. The electrical contact may include a layer of a second material resistant to reaction with a liquid metal. The layer of second material may be bonded to the base contact. The electrical contact may include a layer of a third material. The third material may be a reaction product of a reactant metal with at least one metal of the liquid metal. The electrical contact may include a layer of the liquid metal that wets to a surface of the third material.