A bus bar including a first end comprising a first material and a second end comprising a second material and a method of manufacture are provided. The first end is designed to be coupled to a terminal of a first battery cell of a battery module and includes a first collar disposed on the first end designed to receive and surround the terminal of the first battery cell of the battery module. The second end is designed to be coupled to a terminal of a second battery cell of the battery module and includes a second collar disposed on the second end designed to receive and surround the terminal of the second battery of the battery module. The first and second batteries of the battery module are adjacent to one another. Moreover, the bus bar includes a joint electrically and mechanically coupling the first end and the second end.

A pulse control device 10 comprises: a switch output unit 100 which generates a pulse output voltage Vo from a direct-current input voltage Vi and supplies the pulse output voltage Vo to a load (such as a relay coil 21 of a mechanical relay 20); a low-pass filter unit 300 which receives a feedback input of the pulse output voltage Vo and generates a feedback voltage Vfb; and an output feedback control unit 200 which receives an input of the feedback voltage Vfb and controls the switch output unit 100 so that an average value of the pulse output voltage Vo becomes constant. The low-pass filter unit 300 may be configured without a coil.

A relay device may include an armature that moves between a first position that electrically couples the armature to a first contact and a second position that electrically couples the armature to a second contact. The relay device may also include a relay coil that receives a voltage to magnetize the relay coil, thereby causing the armature to move from the first position to the second position. The relay device also includes an additional coil that couples in series with the relay coil via a switch. The relay device also includes a drive circuit that causes the switch to couple the additional coil to the relay coil in response to receiving a signal indicative of the relay coil energizing.

Examples of contactor controllers, systems and methods time-modulate levels of high-side (HS) and low-side (LS) clamp voltages in a contactor controller to switch a path through which current flows during quick-turn-off (QTO) of the contactor controller. One of the clamp voltages is at a high level and the other is at a low level. The output voltage of the contactor controller is held at the low level. The path switching may be a function of one or more parameters. In a configuration, the level of a supply voltage of the contactor controller is monitored and used to control the path switching. In a configuration, temperatures of HS and LS transistors of the contactor controller are monitored and used to control the path switching. Control of the path switching may be performed to dissipate power in a larger area to increase thermal performance of the contactor controller. Both clamps may remain active throughout the QTO process, providing redundancy and safety.

A solid-state magnet control unit includes a housing and magnet controller circuitry mounted within the housing. The magnet controller circuitry controls current passing through a magnet. The magnet controller circuitry includes a power storage unit, drivers in a bridge network, e.g., an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) in a bridge network, and dump circuitry. The dump circuitry limits circuit damage to the magnet controller circuitry and other components contained within the magnet control unit. When the dump driver is not operational, operation of the magnet control unit is automatically switched to first or second safety mode of operation.

The present disclosure provides a coil driving device comprising: an input voltage sensing unit for sensing an input voltage; a switch unit configured to make a switching operation to supply a driving current to a coil; a PWM circuit unit for outputting a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal for the switching operation of the switch unit; an impedance adjustment unit for varying an impedance value such that the PWM signal is adjusted, thereby limiting the driving current; and a control unit for causing the impedance adjustment unit to vary the impedance value on the basis of the input voltage, thereby adjusting at least one of the duty ratio of the PWM signal and the frequency thereof.

A protective device includes a relay having a contact that opens and closes a current path of a cell, and a control device that controls the relay. The control device executes a reduction processing of reducing a contact resistance of the relay.

A system includes a contactor operatively connected to a coil for actuating the contactor to open and close a circuit. A pass element includes a source, a drain, and a gate, wherein the drain is electrically connected to the coil, and wherein the coil is in series between the pass element and ground. A voltage source is connected to the source of the pass element to pass current into the coil when the pass element is in a pass state. A current source control circuit with economizer is operatively connected to the gate of the pass element. A delay circuit is operatively connected to the current source control circuit with economizer and to a command line to command a lower current for holding the contactor closed after a delay has expired for the contactor to transition.

A relay device may include an armature that moves between a first position that electrically couples the armature to a first contact and a second position that electrically couples the armature to a second contact. The relay device may also include a relay coil that receives a voltage to magnetize the relay coil, thereby causing the armature to move from the first position to the second position. The relay device also includes an additional coil that couples in series with the relay coil via a switch. The relay device also includes a drive circuit that causes the switch to couple the additional coil to the relay coil in response to receiving a signal indicative of the relay coil energizing.

A coil drive device energizes an operation coil to close an electromagnetic contactor. A rectifier outputs, to a power supply line, an input voltage obtained by full-wave rectification of an AC voltage supplied from a main power source. A controller controls on and off of a switching element connected to a power supply line in series with the operation coil. The controller controls a duty ratio that is an on period ratio of the switching element in each switching period in accordance with a value of a parameter calculated from a detected value of the input voltage, in at least a partial period after start of energization of the operation coil in response to a close command for the electromagnetic contactor.