Methods and systems for thermal ionization of a sample and formation of an ion beam are described. The systems incorporate a thermal ionization filament that is formed of a graphene-based material such as graphite, graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide or combinations thereof. The filament material can be doped or chemically modified to control and tune the work function of the filament and improve ionization efficiency of a system incorporating the filament. The systems can be utilized in forming an ion beam for target bombardment or analysis via, e.g., mass spectrometry.

Methods and systems for thermal ionization of a sample and formation of an ion beam are described. The systems incorporate a thermal ionization filament that is formed of a graphene-based material such as graphite, graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide or combinations thereof. The filament material can be doped or chemically modified to control and tune the work function of the filament and improve ionization efficiency of a system incorporating the filament. The systems can be utilized in forming an ion beam for target bombardment or analysis via, e.g., mass spectrometry.

Methods and systems for thermal ionization of a sample and formation of an ion beam are described. The systems incorporate a thermal ionization filament that is formed of a graphene-based material such as graphite, graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide or combinations thereof. The filament material can be doped or chemically modified to control and tune the work function of the filament and improve ionization efficiency of a system incorporating the filament. The systems can be utilized in forming an ion beam for target bombardment or analysis via, e.g., mass spectrometry.

In order to provide a thermionic emission filament capable of ensuring a long life and improving an analysis accuracy of a mass spectrometer using the thermionic emission filament, in the thermionic emission filament including a core member through which electric current flows and an electron emitting layer which is formed so as to cover a surface of the core member, the electron emitting layer is configured to have denseness for substantial gas-tight integrity.

A conductive paste includes a conductive powder, a metallic glass having a glass transition temperature of less than or equal to about 600 C. and a supercooled liquid region of greater than or equal to 0 K, and an organic vehicle, and an electronic device and a solar cell include an electrode formed using the conductive paste.

A method of manufacturing carburized Lu.sub.2O.sub.3 doped Mo cathodes for thermionic emission for magnetrons is described. The Lu.sub.2O.sub.3 doped Mo powder is prepared by sol-gel method. The powder is reduced thoroughly in hydrogen atmosphere. Afterwards, the powder is die-pressed into pellets, followed by sintering in hydrogen and carburization in activated carbon powder to obtain the carburized Lu.sub.2O.sub.3 doped Mo cathode.

A method of manufacturing carburized Lu.sub.2O.sub.3 doped Mo cathodes for thermionic emission for magnetrons is described. The Lu.sub.2O.sub.3 doped Mo powder is prepared by sol-gel method. The powder is reduced thoroughly in hydrogen atmosphere. Afterwards, the powder is die-pressed into pellets, followed by sintering in hydrogen and carburization in activated carbon powder to obtain the carburized Lu.sub.2O.sub.3 doped Mo cathode.

The present disclosure can relate to a thermionic emission device. The thermionic emission device can include a substrate layer, an insulating layer deposited onto an uppermost surface of the substrate layer, and an electron emitting layer deposited onto an uppermost surface of the insulating layer. The electron emitting layer, the insulating layer, and the substrate layer each can include a first etching and a second etching oriented according to a photoresist pattern applied to an uppermost surface of the electron emitting layer. The first etching and the second etching can converge to form a cavity in the substrate layer beneath a beam suspended above the cavity. The beam can comprise an unetched region of the electron emitting layer and the insulating layer oriented between the first etching and the second etching.

The present disclosure can relate to a thermionic emission device. The thermionic emission device can include a substrate layer, an insulating layer deposited onto an uppermost surface of the substrate layer, and an electron emitting layer deposited onto an uppermost surface of the insulating layer. The electron emitting layer, the insulating layer, and the substrate layer each can include a first etching and a second etching oriented according to a photoresist pattern applied to an uppermost surface of the electron emitting layer. The first etching and the second etching can converge to form a cavity in the substrate layer beneath a beam suspended above the cavity. The beam can comprise an unetched region of the electron emitting layer and the insulating layer oriented between the first etching and the second etching.

Current sharing in a power system having multiple PSUs comprises generating and supplying a first power and a second power to a load, and sensing a remote voltage value received by the load based on an accumulation of the first and second powers. The method further comprises determining, by the first PSU, local voltage and current values of the first power, a real impedance value of the first PSU based on the remote voltage value and the local voltage and current values of the first power, and a virtual impedance value of the first PSU based on the real impedance value of the first PSU and a reference impedance value. The method further comprises controlling generation of the first power by the first PSU based on the virtual impedance value of the first PSU.