A method of manufacturing an article with integral active electronic component uses an additive manufacturing process to: a) form a non-electrically conductive substrate; b) form a non-electrically conductive perforated layer having an aperture; c) form electrically conductive anode and cathode elements spaced in the aperture; d) deposit a conductive electrical connection to each of the elements suitable for imparting an electrical potential difference between the elements; e) form a non-electrically conductive sealing layer atop the perforated layer so as to retain and seal the aperture in the perforated layer.

A method of manufacturing an article with integral active electronic component uses an additive manufacturing process to: a) form a non-electrically conductive substrate; b) form a non-electrically conductive perforated layer having an aperture; c) form electrically conductive anode and cathode elements spaced in the aperture; d) deposit a conductive electrical connection to each of the elements suitable for imparting an electrical potential difference between the elements; e) form a non-electrically conductive sealing layer atop the perforated layer so as to retain and seal the aperture in the perforated layer.

A thin-film electrochemical device includes a monolithic substrate, which includes a cavity enclosed by bottom and side surfaces of the substrate, and a thin-film arranged on a top surface of the substrate and enclosing the cavity. The thin-film is permeable to ions.

A method of manufacturing an article with integral active electronic component includes using an additive manufacturing process to: a) form a non-electrically conductive substrate; b) form a non-electrically conductive perforated layer having an aperture; c) form electrically conductive anode and cathode elements spaced in the aperture; d) deposit a conductive electrical connection to each of the elements suitable for imparting an electrical potential difference between the elements; and e) form a non-electrically conductive sealing layer atop the perforated layer so as to retain and seal the aperture in the perforated layer.

A method of manufacturing an article with integral active electronic component includes using an additive manufacturing process to: a) form a non-electrically conductive substrate; b) form a non-electrically conductive perforated layer having an aperture; c) form electrically conductive anode and cathode elements spaced in the aperture; d) deposit a conductive electrical connection to each of the elements suitable for imparting an electrical potential difference between the elements; and e) form a non-electrically conductive sealing layer atop the perforated layer so as to retain and seal the aperture in the perforated layer.

A vacuum tube includes a filament and two pairs of a grid and an anode. The filament is tensioned linearly and emits thermoelectrons. Both of the anodes are formed on a same face on a planar substrate. The filament is arranged parallel to the planar substrate at a position facing both of the anodes. Each of the grids is arranged, such that the grid faces the anode of a same pair at a first predetermined distance from the anode and has a second predetermined distance from the filament, between the anode and the filament. The vacuum tube further includes an intermediate filament fixing part fixing the filament at a position corresponding to an intermediate point between the anodes of the two pairs.

A vacuum tube includes a filament and two pairs of a grid and an anode. The filament is tensioned linearly and emits thermoelectrons. Both of the anodes are formed on a same face on a planar substrate. The filament is arranged parallel to the planar substrate at a position facing both of the anodes. Each of the grids is arranged, such that the grid faces the anode of a same pair at a first predetermined distance from the anode and has a second predetermined distance from the filament, between the anode and the filament. The vacuum tube further includes an intermediate filament fixing part fixing the filament at a position corresponding to an intermediate point between the anodes of the two pairs.

A vacuum tube includes a filament and two pairs of a grid and an anode. The filament is tensioned linearly and emits thermoelectrons. Both of the anodes are formed on a same face on a planar substrate. The filament is arranged parallel to the planar substrate at a position facing both of the anodes. Each of the grids is arranged, such that the grid faces the anode of a same pair at a first predetermined distance from the anode and has a second predetermined distance from the filament, between the anode and the filament. The vacuum tube further includes an intermediate filament fixing part fixing the filament at a position corresponding to an intermediate point between the anodes of the two pairs.

A vacuum tube includes a filament and two pairs of a grid and an anode. The filament is tensioned linearly and emits thermoelectrons. Both of the anodes are formed on a same face on a planar substrate. The filament is arranged parallel to the planar substrate at a position facing both of the anodes. Each of the grids is arranged, such that the grid faces the anode of a same pair at a first predetermined distance from the anode and has a second predetermined distance from the filament, between the anode and the filament. The vacuum tube further includes an intermediate filament fixing part fixing the filament at a position corresponding to an intermediate point between the anodes of the two pairs.

The vacuum tube subject to the present invention comprises a filament and two pairs of a grid and an anode. The filament is tensioned linearly and emitting thermoelectrons. Both of the anodes are formed on the same face on a planar substrate. The filament is arranged parallel to the planar substrate at a position facing both of the anodes. Each of the grids is arranged, such that the grid faces the anode in the same pair at a first predetermined distance from the anode and has a second predetermined distance from the filament, between the anode and the filament. The vacuum tube comprises an intermediate filament fixing part fixing the filament at a position corresponding to an intermediate point between the anodes of the two pairs.