Linear ribs are formed radially with a center at a through-hole on one face of an X-ray transmissive film (radiolucent film) in an X-ray transmissive window (radiolucent window) to be used for an X-ray detector (radiation detector). The X-ray transmissive window faces a sample. A beam for irradiation to the sample passes through the through-hole, and X-rays (radiation) are radially emitted on a line extending through the through-hole and enter the X-ray transmissive window. Since the linear ribs are formed radially with the center at the through-hole, even X-rays entering at shallow angles with respect to the X-ray transmissive window are transmitted through the X-ray transmissive window at a probability equivalent to X-rays entering at deep angles. More X-rays are transmitted through the X-ray transmissive window, and thus the X-ray detector can detect X-rays with high efficiency.

Window tiles for electron beam systems are provided. The window tiles can comprise a first surface and a second surface, and one or more features extending from the first surface to the second surface. The one or more features can have a non-uniform or tapered cross-section between the first surface and the second surface. The first surface can be configured to be exposed to vacuum conditions and can be configured to receive electrons accelerated from an electron beam generator. The second surface can be configured to allow electrons to pass through to a foil. The window tiles can improve electron beam processing systems for example by increasing electron throughput, lowering power consumption, reducing heat absorption to the foil, improving and increasing foil life, and potentially allowing for use of smaller and cheaper machines in electron beam processing.

An X-ray tube device in one embodiment has an X-ray tube and a container storing the X-ray tube, filled with insulating oil, and having an X-ray emission window. The X-ray tube includes a cylindrical glass envelope holding an anode and a cathode opposite to each other and keeping them in vacuum, and an insulating tube fit over the glass envelope and having an X-ray transmission section. The insulating tube has a base section attached to the container. The base section defines a space communicating between the X-ray transmission section of the insulating tube and the X-ray emission window of the container, and has a container-side end fixed to the container in a liquid-tight manner.

An X-ray tube device in one embodiment has an X-ray tube and a container storing the X-ray tube, filled with insulating oil, and having an X-ray emission window. The X-ray tube includes a cylindrical glass envelope holding an anode and a cathode opposite to each other and keeping them in vacuum, and an insulating tube fit over the glass envelope and having an X-ray transmission section. The insulating tube has a base section attached to the container. The base section defines a space communicating between the X-ray transmission section of the insulating tube and the X-ray emission window of the container, and has a container-side end fixed to the container in a liquid-tight manner.

An x-ray tube can include an electron-emitter, which can include a tube-shape with a minimum inside diameter of at least 0.5 millimeters. The electron-emitter can provide field-emission of electrons, and thus can avoid the electrical power required for heating, and can avoid degradation due to high temperature of, a thermionic-emission electron-emitter. This type of electron-emitter, with a tube-shape, can have a relatively large electron-emission region, allowing high electrical current without excessive current density.

An X-ray assembly may include a housing, an anode, and a cathode assembly. The anode may be located at least partially within the housing. The anode may include a target area configured such that X-rays generated at the target area form an area-source X-ray beam. The cathode assembly may be located at least partially within the housing and may be positioned to deliver electrons to the target area of the anode from multiple directions relative to the target area, the multiple directions including at least two substantially opposite directions relative to the target area.

An X-ray assembly may include a housing, an anode, and a cathode assembly. The anode may be located at least partially within the housing. The anode may include a target area configured such that X-rays generated at the target area form an area-source X-ray beam. The cathode assembly may be located at least partially within the housing and may be positioned to deliver electrons to the target area of the anode from multiple directions relative to the target area, the multiple directions including at least two substantially opposite directions relative to the target area.

A thermal control apparatus adapted for use with a pressurized air supply for controlling temperature of a component includes a vortex tube having an inlet adapted for connection with the pressurized air supply, a cold air outlet, and a hot air outlet, and a heat exchanger in fluid communication with the cold air outlet of the vortex tube, the heat exchanger being in thermal contact with the component and thereby controlling the temperature of the component. The heat exchanger further includes a post-heat-exchange exhaust air outlet in fluid communication with an exhaust air inlet adapted to direct the exhaust air along an outside of the vortex tube.

Technology is described for an antiwetting coating attached to a substrate (e.g., metal substate) on a liquid metal container. In one example, the liquid metal container includes a first enclosure member, a second enclosure member, liquid metal, and an antiwetting coating. The first enclosure member includes a first substrate with a first surface. The second enclosure member includes a second substrate with a second surface. The first enclosure member is positioned proximate to the second enclosure member such that a gap is formed between the first surface and the second surface. The liquid metal positioned within the gap. An antiwetting coating attached to the first surface and/or the second surface. The antiwetting coating includes chromium nitride (CrN), dichromium nitride (Cr.sub.2N), chromium (III) oxide (Cr.sub.2O.sub.3), and/or titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) attached to the first surface and/or the second surface.

Technology is described for an antiwetting coating attached to a substrate (e.g., metal substate) on a liquid metal container. In one example, the liquid metal container includes a first enclosure member, a second enclosure member, liquid metal, and an antiwetting coating. The first enclosure member includes a first substrate with a first surface. The second enclosure member includes a second substrate with a second surface. The first enclosure member is positioned proximate to the second enclosure member such that a gap is formed between the first surface and the second surface. The liquid metal positioned within the gap. An antiwetting coating attached to the first surface and/or the second surface. The antiwetting coating includes chromium nitride (CrN), dichromium nitride (Cr.sub.2N), chromium (III) oxide (Cr.sub.2O.sub.3), and/or titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) attached to the first surface and/or the second surface.