Systems, devices, and methods for in-source ion separation are provided. An ion separator includes an ion transfer conduit fluidically upstream of and coupled with one or more components of an analytical instrument. The ion separator includes a gas conduit, fluidically upstream of and coupled with the ion transfer conduit, the gas conduit defining an internal volume. The ion separator also includes electronic circuitry defining an active surface exposed to the internal volume, the electronic circuitry being configured to energize the active surface. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide improved analysis of material samples based at least in part on in-source separation of relatively light ions from relatively heavy ions entrained in a gas flow.

An apparatus 41 and operation method are provided for an electrostatic trap mass spectrometer with measuring frequency of multiple isochronous ionic oscillations. For improving throughput and space charge capacity, the trap is substantially extended in one Z-direction forming a reproduced two-dimensional field. Multiple geometries are provided for trap Z-extension. The throughput of the analysis is improved by multiplexing electrostatic traps. The frequency analysis is accelerated by the shortening of ion packets and either by Wavelet-fit analysis of the image current signal or by using a time-of-flight detector for sampling a small portion of ions per oscillation. Multiple pulsed converters are suggested for optimal ion injection into electrostatic traps.

A tandem collision/reaction cell for an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) system includes a first ion guide, a second ion guide, and an intermediate electrode in the vicinity of an exit end of the first ion guide. A DC potential barrier is applied to the intermediate electrode. The cell may provide two or more stages of an ion-molecule collision process.

An electrostatic trap such as an orbitrap is disclosed, with an electrode structure. An electrostatic trapping field of the form U(r, ?, z) is generated to trap ions within the trap so that they undergo isochronous oscillations. The trapping field U(r, ?, z) is the result of a perturbation W to an ideal field U(r, ?, z) which, for example, is hyperlogarithmic in the case of an orbitrap. The perturbation W may be introduced in various ways, such as by distorting the geometry of the trap so that it no longer follows an equipotential of the ideal field U(r, ?, z), or by adding a distortion field (either electric or magnetic). The magnitude of the perturbation is such that at least some of the trapped ions have an absolute phase spread of more than zero but less than 2 ? radians over an ion detection period T.sub.m.

An analytical device includes: a valve assembly that is connected to a plurality of gas supply conduits; and a gas supply chamber to which a plurality of gases are supplied through the valve assembly, wherein: the valve assembly includes a plurality of valves that regulate flow rates of the plurality of gases supplied to the gas supply chamber through the plurality of gas supply conduits, a fixing member that integrally fixes the plurality of valves, a plurality of first sealing members that seal the plurality of valves against the fixing member, and a retainer that is fastened to the fixing member to integrally press the first sealing member against the fixing member.

A monitoring system detects and measures a quantity of radical particles within a gas. A test chamber is coupled to a flow channel that transmits a gas. The test chamber defines an aperture connecting the test chamber and the flow channel, and the aperture permits a subset of the gas to enter the test chamber from the flow channel. An ionizer is positioned within the test chamber and generates radical ions from radical particles of the subset of the gas. A mass spectrometer measures a quantity of the radical ions, thereby providing a measurement of the radical particles in the gas.

An apparatus 41 and operation method are provided for an electrostatic trap mass spectrometer with measuring frequency of multiple isochronous ionic oscillations. For improving throughput and space charge capacity, the trap is substantially extended in one Z-direction forming a reproduced two-dimensional field. Multiple geometries are provided for trap Z-extension. The throughput of the analysis is improved by multiplexing electrostatic traps. The frequency analysis is accelerated by the shortening of ion packets and either by Wavelet-fit analysis of the image current signal or by using a time-of-flight detector for sampling a small portion of ions per oscillation. Multiple pulsed converters are suggested for optimal ion injection into electrostatic traps.

An apparatus 41 and operation method are provided for an electrostatic trap mass spectrometer with measuring frequency of multiple isochronous ionic oscillations. For improving throughput and space charge capacity, the trap is substantially extended in one Z-direction forming a reproduced two-dimensional field. Multiple geometries are provided for trap Z-extension. The throughput of the analysis is improved by multiplexing electrostatic traps. The frequency analysis is accelerated by the shortening of ion packets and either by Wavelet-fit analysis of the image current signal or by using a time-of-flight detector for sampling a small portion of ions per oscillation. Multiple pulsed converters are suggested for optimal ion injection into electrostatic traps.

An apparatus 41 and operation method are provided for an electrostatic trap mass spectrometer with measuring frequency of multiple isochronous ionic oscillations. For improving throughput and space charge capacity, the trap is substantially extended in one Z-direction forming a reproduced two-dimensional field. Multiple geometries are provided for trap Z-extension. The throughput of the analysis is improved by multiplexing electrostatic traps. The frequency analysis is accelerated by the shortening of ion packets and either by Wavelet-fit analysis of the image current signal or by using a time-of-flight detector for sampling a small portion of ions per oscillation. Multiple pulsed converters are suggested for optimal ion injection into electrostatic traps.

A method of isotope ratio mass spectrometry comprising: flowing a liquid mobile phase through a separation device; reducing the flow rate of the mobile phase through the separation device for at least a portion of time that at least one molecular species is emerging from the separation device to achieve a desired isotope ratio precision, wherein the flow rate is reduced from a first rate to a second rate corresponding to a higher theoretical plate height of the separation device; and mass analyzing the molecular species that has emerged from the separation device at least while the flow rate is reduced; and determining at least one isotope ratio from the intensities of mass peaks of at least two isotopologues, wherein the mass analysis is performed with mass resolving power high enough to resolve the two most abundant mass peaks at the nominal mass of at least one of the isotopologues.