Devices and methods relating to insulation-free lead wires in compact fluorescent lamps are provided. For example, there is provided a compact fluorescent lamp including at least two lead wires. Each of the lead wires can be connected to a respective cathode of a respective discharge tube. The compact fluorescent lamp further includes a ballast circuit. The lead wires are isolated from one another without any insulation.

A microwave excitation light-source device includes: a center conductor extending in an axis direction; an annular conductor having light transparency and disposed concentrically with respect to the center conductor; and an arc tube in which a luminescent material is enclosed, the arc tube being disposed so as to extend along the axis direction in an annular space created between the center conductor and the annular conductor; wherein, with respect to the arc tube, in a plane that is perpendicular to the axis direction, a single closed curve drawn along a tube wall of the arc tube intersects zero or even number of times, every line drawn from the center conductor toward the annular conductor.

A microwave excitation light-source device includes: a center conductor extending in an axis direction; an annular conductor having light transparency and disposed concentrically with respect to the center conductor; and an arc tube in which a luminescent material is enclosed, the arc tube being disposed so as to extend along the axis direction in an annular space created between the center conductor and the annular conductor; wherein, with respect to the arc tube, in a plane that is perpendicular to the axis direction, a single closed curve drawn along a tube wall of the arc tube intersects zero or even number of times, every line drawn from the center conductor toward the annular conductor.

A microwave excitation light-source device includes: a center conductor extending in an axis direction; an annular conductor having light transparency and disposed concentrically with respect to the center conductor; and an arc tube in which a luminescent material is enclosed, the arc tube being disposed so as to extend along the axis direction in an annular space created between the center conductor and the annular conductor; wherein, with respect to the arc tube, in a plane that is perpendicular to the axis direction, a single closed curve drawn along a tube wall of the arc tube intersects zero or even number of times, every line drawn from the center conductor toward the annular conductor.

A microwave excitation light-source device includes: a center conductor extending in an axis direction; an annular conductor having light transparency and disposed concentrically with respect to the center conductor; and an arc tube in which a luminescent material is enclosed, the arc tube being disposed so as to extend along the axis direction in an annular space created between the center conductor and the annular conductor; wherein, with respect to the arc tube, in a plane that is perpendicular to the axis direction, a single closed curve drawn along a tube wall of the arc tube intersects zero or even number of times, every line drawn from the center conductor toward the annular conductor.

The present disclosure provides a device that may include a calibrated deep UV sensor head, control microelectronics, rechargeable batteries, displays, and/or network tools for data communication through the cloud. The disclosed device can detect and measure Far UV-C radiation, allowing information to be shared with users in remote locations. It may be compact, portable, and can be integrated into any Far UV-C devices or systems. Specifically designed for monitoring and potentially controlling Far UV-C radiation with wavelengths below 240 nm, this device may be ideal for use in various indoor settings where preventing overexposure to Far UV-C is crucial. Additionally, the measured intensities can be transmitted via common wireless communication protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GSM, and telecommunication networks.

A light-emitting plasma lamp bulb for solar ultraviolet simulation includes a bulb cover having a spherical shape or a rod shape through which ultraviolet rays are transmittable, discharge gas contained in the bulb cover, and a first light-emitting material and a second light-emitting material, wherein the first light-emitting material includes at least one of mercury (Hg) and mercury iodide (HgI.sub.2), and the second light-emitting material includes sulfur (S.sub.8), wherein light emitted from the bulb has a maximum optical power intensity in a range of 395 to 455 nm which is an ultraviolet-visible boundary region, wherein, when compared using a same ultraviolet dose in an ultraviolet region of 290 to 400 nm, an integrated intensity of a visible and infrared region of 400 to 850 nm is equal to or less than of an integrated intensity of a visible and infrared region of a standard solar spectrum (ASTM G173, AM 1.5G).

An excimer lamp includes a tubular discharge vessel configured to form a discharge space, and an exterior vessel configured to form a channel between said discharge vessel and said exterior vessel. At least one end of said channel is on a lamp-center side relative to the end of said discharge vessel in a lamp axis direction.

An excimer lamp includes a tubular discharge vessel configured to form a discharge space, and an exterior vessel configured to form a channel between said discharge vessel and said exterior vessel. At least one end of said channel is on a lamp-center side relative to the end of said discharge vessel in a lamp axis direction.