A shielded X-ray radiation apparatus is provided comprising an X-ray source, an X-ray attenuation shield including an elongate cavity to house the X-ray source and incorporating a region to accommodate a sample, a neutron attenuation shield, and a gamma attenuation shield. The neutron attenuation shield is situated adjacent to and substantially surrounds the X-ray attenuation shield and the gamma attenuation shield is adjacent to and substantially surrounds the neutron attenuation shield. In some embodiments a removable sample insertion means is provided to insert samples into the elongate cavity and which is composed of adjacent blocks of material, each respective block having a thickness and a composition which substantially matches the thickness and a composition of one of the X-ray attenuation, neutron attenuation and gamma-ray attenuation shields.

X-ray transparent insulation can be sandwiched between an x-ray window and a ground plate. The x-ray transparent insulation can include aluminum nitride, boron nitride, or polyetherimide. The x-ray transparent insulation can include a curved side. The x-ray transparent insulation can be transparent to x-rays and resistant to x-ray damage, and can have high thermal conductivity. An x-ray window can have high thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity, high melting point, low cost, and matched coefficient of thermal conductivity with the anode. The x-ray window can be made of tungsten. For consistent x-ray spot size and location, a focusing plate and a filament can be attached to a cathode with an open channel of the focusing plate aligned with a longitudinal dimension of the filament. Tabs of the focusing plate bordering the open channel can be bent to align with a location of the filament.

Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a combined scanning X-ray generator, a composite inspection apparatus and an inspection method. The combined scanning X-ray generator includes: a housing; an anode arranged in the housing, the anode including a first end of the anode and a second end of the anode opposite the first end of the anode; a pencil beam radiation source arranged at the first end of the anode and configured to emit a pencil X-ray beam; and a fan beam radiation source arranged at the second end of the anode and configured to emit a fan X-ray beam; wherein the pencil beam radiation source and the fan beam radiation source are operated independently.

An X-ray tube includes: a cathode assembly that emits electrons; an anode that receives the electrons and generates X-rays; an envelope that is a case having the cathode assembly and the anode accommodated therein; a first shielding portion that shields the X-rays between the envelope and the cathode assembly on a reference line that connects a center of a point where the electrons are generated and a center of a point where the X-rays are generated; and a second shielding portion that shields the X-rays between the envelope and the cathode assembly in a direction perpendicular to the reference line from the center of the electron generation point.

Disclosed herein is an x-ray backscatter apparatus (“apparatus”) for non-destructive inspection of an object. The apparatus includes an x-ray emitter that includes a vacuum tube, an x-ray shield enclosed within the vacuum tube. The x-ray shield includes at least one emission aperture. The apparatus also includes a cathode enclosed within the vacuum tube and that is operable to generate an electron stream. Also included is an anode, enclosed within the vacuum tube and located relative to the cathode, to receive the electron stream and convert the electron stream from the cathode to an x-ray stream, and located relative to the emission aperture to direct at least a portion of the x-ray stream through the at least one emission aperture. Also disclosed are a system and a method that utilize the apparatus.

Disclosed are a cartridge-type X-ray source apparatus and an X-ray emission apparatus using the same. The X-ray source includes: a cathode electrode provided with an electron emission source by using a nanostructure; an anode electrode having a target emitting X-rays by electron collision; and a housing forming an external appearance, and exposing a cathode electrode terminal connected to the cathode electrode and an anode electrode terminal connected to the anode electrode to an outside thereof, wherein the cathode electrode terminal and the anode electrode terminal differ from each other in at least one of exposure direction, height, size, and shape.

A shield around an x-ray tube, a voltage multiplier, or both can improve the manufacturing process by allowing testing earlier in the process and by providing a holder for liquid potting material. The shield can also improve voltage standoff. A shielded x-ray tube can be electrically coupled to a shielded power supply.

Various methods and systems are provided for a radiation shielding component including a plurality of parts fused together by metal infiltrated through junctions between adjacent, interconnected parts. In one embodiment, members on a side of a panel may be interlocked with indentations on a side of another and then metal may be infiltrated through a junction between the two panels to fuse the adjacent panels.

Various methods and systems are provided for a radiation shielding component including a plurality of parts fused together by metal infiltrated through junctions between adjacent, interconnected parts. In one embodiment, members on a side of a panel may be interlocked with indentations on a side of another and then metal may be infiltrated through a junction between the two panels to fuse the adjacent panels.

An X-ray tube includes: an envelope that is a case; a cathode assembly that emits electrons in the envelope; and an anode including a first member of which at least a portion extends to the outside of the envelope, a second member that is provided in a direction perpendicular to a central axis of the first member, comes into contact with the first member, and has a higher X-ray shielding performance than the first member, and a target that receives the electrons emitted from the cathode assembly and generates X-rays.