A system and method for optimizing electrochemical cells including electrodes employing coordination compounds by mediating water content within a desired water content profile that includes sufficient coordinated water and reduces non-coordinated water below a desired target and with electrochemical cells including a coordination compound electrochemically active in one or more electrodes, with an improvement in electrochemical cell manufacture that relaxes standards for water content of electrochemical cells having one or more electrodes including one or more such transition metal cyanide coordination compounds.

In an aspect, a lithium-ion battery anode composition comprises a porous composite particle comprising carbon (C) and an active material comprising silicon (Si), wherein the carbon is characterized by a domain size (r), as estimated from an atomic pair distribution function G(r) obtained from a synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurement of the porous composite particle, ranging from around 10 Å (1 nm) to around 60 Å (6 nm). In a further aspect, a carbon material for use in making an anode composition for use in a Li-ion battery is characterized by a domain size (r), as estimated from an atomic pair distribution function G(r) obtained from a synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurement of the carbon material, ranging from around 10 Å (1 nm) to around 60 Å (6 nm).

A negative electrode material for a lithium ion battery, the material comprising: particles comprising a core, with the core containing silicon, the particles having one or more coating layers disposed around the core, at least one of the coating layers comprising a porous semi-conducting metal oxide.

This invention relates to particulate electroactive materials consisting of a plurality of composite particles, wherein the composite particles comprise: (a) a porous conductive particle framework including micropores and/or mesopores having a total volume of at least 0.4 to 2.2 cm.sup.3/g; (b) an electroactive material disposed within the porous conductive particle framework; and (c) a lithium-ion permeable filler penetrating the pores of the porous conductive particle framework and disposed intermediate the nanoscale silicon domains and the exterior of the composite particles.

A layered oxide material includes a bulk lattice, a niobium (Nb) dopant, and a second dopant. The bulk lattice includes lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), and oxygen (O). The second dopant includes one of aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), magnesium (Mg), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), zinc (Zn), or zirconium (Zr).

Provided is a technique that allows curtailing decreases in the durability of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery. A negative electrode active material disclosed here is a particulate negative electrode active material used in a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery. The negative electrode active material contains graphite particles which are aggregates of scaly graphite, and carbon black. The carbon black is present in internal voids of the graphite particles, and part of the carbon black accumulates on the surface of the graphite particles thereby forming a carbon coating portion.

A sodium-ion conducting (e.g., sodium-sulfur) battery, which can be rechargeable, comprising a microporous host-sulfur composite cathode as described herein or a liquid electrolyte comprising a liquid electrolyte solvent and a liquid electrolyte salt or electrolyte additive as described herein or a combination thereof. The batteries can be used in devices such as, for example, battery packs.

A positive electrode active material contains a lithium-rich lithium manganese-based oxide, wherein the lithium manganese-based oxide has a composition of the following chemical formula (1), and wherein a lithium ion conductive glass-ceramic solid electrolyte layer containing at least one selected from the group consisting of thio-LISICON(thio-lithium super ionic conductor), LISICON(lithium super ionic conductor), Li.sub.2S—SiS.sub.2—Li.sub.4SiO.sub.4, and Li.sub.2S—SiS.sub.2—P.sub.2S.sub.5—Lil is formed on the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide particle:
Li.sub.1−xM.sub.yMn.sub.1−x−yO.sub.2−zQ.sub.z  (1) wherein, 0<x≤0.2, 0<y≤0.2, and 0≤z≤0.5; M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Ga, In, Ru, Zn, Zr, Nb, Sn, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Ti and Bi; and Q is at least one element selected from the group consisting of P, N, F, S and Cl.

The present invention discloses a selenium-doped MXene composite nano-material and a preparation method thereof, comprising the following steps: (1) adding MXene and an organic selenium source into a dispersant, and stirring to prepare a dispersion with a concentration of 1 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml; (2) transferring the dispersion into a reaction kettle, then heating, reacting, and then naturally cooling to a room temperature; (3) washing the product obtained in the step (2) with a cleaning agent, then centrifuging to collect a precipitate, and drying the precipitate under vacuum; and (4) placing the sample obtained in the step (3) into a tubular furnace for calcination, introducing protective gas, heating, and then cooling to a room temperature to obtain the selenium-doped MXene composite nano-material. The material prepared by the present invention has high specific surface area, good electrical conductivity, cycle stability performance, rate performance and high theoretical specific capacity.

An ECU is configured to execute SOC estimation control for estimating an SOC of a battery. The ECU obtains “first voltage” indicating an OCV of the battery in the SOC estimation control. The ECU controls an engine and a PCU such that the battery is charged with an amount of electric power equal to or larger than a prescribed amount, when the first voltage is within a voltage range where hysteresis occurs. The ECU obtains “second voltage” indicating an OCV of the charged battery, and estimates the SOC of the battery from the second voltage.