Bipolar electrodes comprising a carbon felt loaded with a polymer material and a nanocarbon material are described herein. The bipolar electrodes are useful in electrochemical cells. In particular, the loaded carbon felt can be used in bipolar electrodes of zinc-halide electrolyte batteries. Processes for manufacturing the loaded carbon felt are also described, involving contacting (e.g., dipping) a carbon felt in a mixture of solvent, polymer material and nanocarbon material.

A redox flow battery (“CRB”) performs as an energy storage system and has a negative electrode that directly utilizes CO.sub.2 in the battery charge step as an active species instead of metals. The CRB also has a positive electrode utilizing a metallic or non-metallic redox species, and a cation exchange membrane in between the negative and positive electrodes. The negative electrode comprises a porous base layer, a porous intermediate layer containing a metal oxide and a bi-functional catalyst layer for electrochemical reduction of CO.sub.2 or carbonate to formate and for formate oxidation to either carbonate or CO.sub.2. The bi-functional catalyst can be a PdSn based catalyst, such as PdSn, PdSnIn, and PdSnPb. The metal oxide in the intermediate layer acts as a catalyst support and can be a non-Platinum group metal (PGM) oxide, such as LaCoO.sub.3 or LaNiO.sub.3.

An electrode for a redox flow battery through which an electrolyte is circulated includes a porous body, and reactive particles that contribute to a battery reaction. The reactive particles are pressed against the porous body by a flow of the electrolyte without being immobilized on the porous body.

A method of manufacturing a carbon-metal organic framework composite includes: preparing a mixed solution comprising a metal ion precursor and an organic ligand precursor; forming a Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) on a surface of a carbon support using the mixed solution; and carbonizing the MOF formed on the surface of the carbon support to form a Carbonized Metal-Organic Framework (C-MOF).

A battery may include an anode, a cathode positioned opposite to the anode, a separator positioned between the anode and the cathode, an electrolyte dispersed throughout the cathode and in contact with the anode, and a dual-pore system. The anode may be configured to release a plurality of lithium ions. The cathode may include a plurality of pathways defined by a plurality of porous non-hollow carbonaceous spherical particles and may include a plurality of carbonaceous structures each based on a coalescence of a group of the porous non-hollow carbonaceous spherical particles. The dual-pore system may be disposed in the cathode and defined in shape and orientation by the plurality of carbonaceous structures. In some aspects, the dual-pore system may be configured to receive gaseous oxygen from the ambient atmosphere.

A battery includes: an electrode group including an air electrode and a negative electrode that are stacked with a separator interposed therebetween; and a container housing the electrode group together with an alkaline electrolyte liquid. The air electrode includes a catalyst for an air electrode. This catalyst for an air electrode is a catalyst for an air electrode including an oxide containing at least bismuth (Bi), ruthenium (Ru), sodium (Na), and oxygen, and Na/(Ru+Bi+Na) representing an atomic ratio of the sodium to a sum of the bismuth, the ruthenium, and the sodium is 0.126 or more and 0.145 or less.

A composite cathode including: a cathode conductor layer including a mixed conductor; and a cathode junction layer adjacent to the cathode conductor layer, the cathode junction layer including a solid electrolyte, wherein the mixed conductor has a lithium-ion conductivity and an electrical conductivity, and wherein the solid electrolyte has a lithium-ion conductivity. In addition, the present disclosure provides a lithium-air battery including the composite cathode.

Disclosed are a positive electrode for lithium air batteries with excellent stability, a method of manufacturing the same, and a lithium air battery including the same, and a lithium air battery with improved stability by including the positive electrode. The positive electrode may include a conductive material and an ionic liquid such that the process of manufacturing the lithium air battery may be simplified, and the stability of the lithium air battery may be further improved as the result of inhibition of side reactions.

The invention is directed to a barrier layer for corrosion protection in electrochemical devices, e.g. carbon based gas diffusion layers (GDLs) in electrochemical devices, comprising electrically conductive ceramic material and a non-ionomeric polymer binder. The electrically conductive ceramic material has an electrical conductivity of >0.1 S/cm, preferably >1 S/cm in air atmosphere (as detected by the powder method) and is selected from the group of precious metal and/or base metal containing oxides, carbides, nitrides, borides and mixtures and combinations thereof. Membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs), catalyst-coated membranes (CCMs), gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) and gas diffusion layers (GDLs) comprising the barrier layer of the invention show improved corrosion resistance, preferably against carbon corrosion; particularly in start-up/shut-down cycles and fuel starvation situations of PEM fuel cells.

A positive electrode for an air battery includes a current collector and a porous layer including an electroconductive material. The current collector includes a base having a first major surface, and a plurality of projections disposed on at least the first major surface of the base. The first major surface of the base is a planar surface. The porous layer is disposed on the first major surface of the base and is in direct contact with the first major surface. The projections are in direct contact with the porous layer in the interior of the porous layer.