A fuel cell FC includes a cell structure 1 in which an anode electrode layer 11, an electrolyte layer 13 and a cathode electrode layer 15 are stacked. The anode electrode layer 11 is arranged in the middle, and has an electrode reacting part 11 having a thermal expansion coefficient greater than a thermal expansion coefficient of the electrolyte layer, and an outer peripheral part 113 arranged adjacent to the electrode reacting part 111 on an outer periphery of the electrode reacting part 111, the outer peripheral part 113 having a thermal expansion coefficient smaller than the thermal expansion coefficient of the electrode reacting part 111. The fuel cell FC is arranged on the anode electrode layer side of the cell structure 1, and further includes a metallic supporting plate 2 that supports the cell structure 1.

An electrochemical cell includes a fuel electrode, an air electrode containing a perovskite type oxide as a main component, the perovskite type oxide being represented by a general formula ABO.sub.3 and containing La and Sr at the A site, and a solid electrolyte layer arranged between the fuel electrode and the air electrode. The air electrode includes a center portion and an outer peripheral portion, the center portion being located at a center of the air electrode in a plane direction perpendicular to a thickness direction of the air electrode, the outer peripheral portion surrounding the center portion in the plane direction. A first ratio of an La concentration to an Sr concentration detected at the outer peripheral portion through Auger electron spectroscopy is at least 1.1 times a second ratio of an La concentration to an Sr concentration detected at the center portion through Auger electron spectroscopy.

An electrochemical cell includes a fuel electrode, an air electrode containing a perovskite type oxide as a main component, the perovskite type oxide being represented by a general formula ABO.sub.3 and containing La and Sr at the A site, and a solid electrolyte layer arranged between the fuel electrode and the air electrode. The air electrode includes a first portion and a second portion, the first portion being located on the most upstream side in a flow direction of an oxidant gas that flows through a surface of the air electrode, the second portion being located on the most downstream side in the flow direction. A first ratio of an La concentration to an Sr concentration detected at the first portion through Auger electron spectroscopy is at least 1.1 times a second ratio of an La concentration to an Sr concentration detected at the second portion through Auger electron spectroscopy.

A catalyst of an embodiment includes a porous structure including aggregates of particles containing Ru and metal atoms M different from Ru. The particles are a metal oxide. A metal atom ratio of the metal atom M in a surface region of the porous structure is higher than that of the metal atom M in the porous structure as a whole.

A delivery device for and method of providing for delivery of substance to the central nervous system (CNS) of a subject, the delivery device comprising: a nosepiece unit (17) for insertion into a nasal airway (1) of a subject and comprising an outlet unit (21) which includes a nozzle (25) for delivering substance into the nasal airway of the subject; and a substance supply unit which is operable to deliver a dose of substance to the nozzle: wherein the delivery device is configured such that at least 30% of the dose as initially deposited in the nasal airway is deposited in an upper posterior region of the nasal airway, thereby providing a CNS concentration of the substance, and hence CNS effect, which is significantly greater than that which would be predicted from a counterpart blood plasma concentration of the substance.

A co-extrusion die is configured to produce a multilayer extrusion comprising component layers of an electrochemical cell. The die comprises a plurality of inlet ports configured to receive a plurality of pressurized fluids comprising at least a first metallic ink, a second metallic ink, and a polymeric ink. A plurality of channels are configured to separately transport and shape the plurality of fluids from the plurality of inlet ports to a merge section, such that the plurality of fluids flow together in the merge section to form the multilayer extrusion comprising a polymeric membrane layer disposed between and in contact with a first metallic layer and a second metallic layer. A thickness of each layer within the merge section is controllable by adjustment of a pressure of the plurality of pressurized fluids. An outlet port is configured to output the multilayer extrusion onto a substrate.

The present specification relates to a fuel cell and a method for manufacturing the same.

A fuel cell FC includes a cell structure 1 in which an anode electrode layer 11, an electrolyte layer 13 and a cathode electrode layer 15 are stacked. The anode electrode layer 11 is arranged in the middle, and has an electrode reacting part 11 having a thermal expansion coefficient greater than a thermal expansion coefficient of the electrolyte layer, and an outer peripheral part 113 arranged adjacent to the electrode reacting part 111 on an outer periphery of the electrode reacting part 111, the outer peripheral part 113 having a thermal expansion coefficient smaller than the thermal expansion coefficient of the electrode reacting part 111. The fuel cell FC is arranged on the anode electrode layer side of the cell structure 1, and further includes a metallic supporting plate 2 that supports the cell structure 1.

The present specification relates to a method for manufacturing a solid oxide fuel cell, a solid oxide fuel cell and a cell module including the same.

Electrochemical cells, such as those present within flow batteries, can include at least one electrode with one face being more hydrophilic than is the other. Such electrodes can lessen the incidence of parasitic reactions by directing convective electrolyte circulation toward a separator in the electrochemical cell. Flow batteries containing the electrochemical cells can include: a first half-cell containing a first electrode with a first face and a second face that are directionally opposite one another, a second half-cell containing a second electrode with a first face and a second face that are directionally opposite one another, and a separator disposed between the first half-cell and the second half-cell. The first face of both the first and second electrodes is disposed adjacent to the separator. The first face of at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is more hydrophilic than is the second face.