A metal-air battery includes an anode layer including a metal, a cathode layer including an electrically conductive metal oxide, a solid electrolyte layer between the anode layer and the cathode layer, and a bonding layer including a metal, where the bonding layer is disposed between the cathode layer and the solid electrolyte layer.

Disclosed herein is a porous electrode substrate in which carbon fibers are dispersed in the structure thereof have a fiber diameter of 3-15 micron and a fiber length of 2-30 mm, and are bound to one another by carbonized resin such that, when a pore distribution in the porous electrode is determined with a mercury intrusion porosimeter, such that a pore distribution curve is plotted on a graph having a common logarithmic scale on the horizontal axis, and a 1-100 micron pore diameter range of the pore distribution curve includes 80 or more measurement points at equal intervals along the common logarithmic scale, the pore distribution has a skewness S of -2.0<S<-0.8 and a kurtosis K of 3.5<K<10 in the 1-100 micron pore diameter range.

Microbial fuel cells capable of generating energy from an organic-based fuel are described. The microbial fuel cells can include an anode component, a cathode component, and a separator component selected to reduce spacing between the anode and the cathode thereby improving performance of the microbial fuel cell. Cathode components including particular components that improve the lifetime, performance, and production of the cathode component at reduced cost also are described, as well as a method of using the microbial fuel cells.

A lithium-air battery catalyst having a 1D polycrystalline tubes structure of a ruthenium oxide-manganese oxide complex includes the ruthenium oxide-manganese oxide complex having at least one polycrystalline tubes structure among a core fiber-shell patterned nanotubes structure and a double walls patterned composite double tubes structure, and the ruthenium oxide-manganese oxide complex is formed as an air electrode catalyst.

The present invention relates to stable catalyst ink formulations comprising am electrospinning polymer selected from halogen-comprising polymers. The present invention further relates to electrospinning of such ink formulation, to the so-obtained electrospun fibrous mat as well as to articles comprising such electrospun fibrous mat.

A hydrophilic porous carbon electrode which has excellent hydrophilicity, which has high reaction activity when used for a battery, and with which excellent battery characteristics is able to be obtained is provided. A hydrophilic porous carbon electrode is a sheet-form hydrophilic porous carbon electrode in which a carbon fiber is bonded using a resin carbide and has a contact angles θ.sub.A of water on both surfaces in a thickness direction being 0 to 15° and a contact angle θ.sub.B of water in a middle portion in the thickness direction being 0 to 15°. The hydrophilic porous carbon electrode is obtained by forming the carbon fiber and a binder fiber into a sheet, impregnating the sheet into a thermosetting resin, subjecting it to heat press processing, and then subjecting it to carbonization at 400 to 3000° C. in an inert atmosphere. The hydrophilic porous carbon electrode is transported and is subjected to a heat treatment while an oxidizing gas flows at 400 to 800° C. in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the hydrophilic porous carbon electrode is transported to be subjected to hydrophilization.

The copolymer includes divalent units represented by formula —[CF.sub.2—CF.sub.2]—, divalent units represented by formula; and one or more divalent units independently represented by formula: The copolymer has an —SO.sub.2X equivalent weight in a range from 300 to 2000. A polymer electrolyte membrane that includes the copolymer and a membrane electrode assembly that includes such a polymer electrolyte membrane are also provided.

The invention relates to an oxygen-consuming electrode, in particular for use in chloralkali electrolysis, comprising a novel catalyst coating based on carbon nanotubes and a silver-based cocatalyst, and to an electrolysis device. The invention further relates to a method for producing said oxygen-consuming electrode and to the use thereof in chloralkali electrolysis or fuel cell technology.

A technology is provided that is capable of improving deterioration of a fuel cell due to non-stationary operation (startup/shutdown, fuel depletion). An anode-side catalyst composition comprising a catalyst having catalyst particles carried on electrically conductive material and an ion exchange resin, characterized in that the catalyst particle are formed of an alloy, of which oxygen reduction capability and water electrolysis are both lower than those of platinum, and which has hydrogen oxidation capability.

A lithium-air or lithium-oxygen electrochemical generator comprising at least one electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte conducting lithium ions disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode wherein the negative electrode comprises, as active material, a lithium and calcium alloy.