Method of making interconnected layered porous carbon sheets with porosity within the carbon sheets and in-between the carbon sheets for use as an electrode. Method of making a metal-nanoparticle carbon composite, wherein metal particles are surrounded by shells made of amorphous carbon. Electrodes containing an amorphous carbon structure comprising a plurality of interconnected layered porous carbon sheets. Electrodes containing graphitic carbon structure with a surface area in the range of 5-200 m.sup.2/g. Electrodes containing a metal-nanoparticle carbon composite comprising metal core-carbon shell like architecture and an amorphous structure, wherein metal particles are surrounded by shells made of amorphous carbon.

A lithium-air battery catalyst having a 1D polycrystalline tubes structure of a ruthenium oxide-manganese oxide complex includes the ruthenium oxide-manganese oxide complex having at least one polycrystalline tubes structure among a core fiber-shell patterned nanotubes structure and a double walls patterned composite double tubes structure, and the ruthenium oxide-manganese oxide complex is formed as an air electrode catalyst.

A fuel cell includes: an electrolyte membrane; an anode catalyst layer; a cathode catalyst layer; and a cathode gas diffusion layer. The cathode catalyst layer includes an ionomer, the ionomer includes copolymers each of which has a hydrophilic block. The hydrophilic block is positioned at a terminal of a copolymer which includes a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophilic portion having a sulfonic acid group. The hydrophilic block has an aggregated structure of the hydrophilic portion. A gas diffusion resistance coefficient of the cathode gas diffusion layer is 3.2×10.sup.−4 m or lower. The gas diffusion resistance coefficient is expressed by “Gas Diffusion Resistance Coefficient=Thickness of Cathode Gas Diffusion Layer/(Porosity of Cathode Gas Diffusion Layer).sup.4”.

A hydrophilic porous carbon electrode which has excellent hydrophilicity, which has high reaction activity when used for a battery, and with which excellent battery characteristics is able to be obtained is provided. A hydrophilic porous carbon electrode is a sheet-form hydrophilic porous carbon electrode in which a carbon fiber is bonded using a resin carbide and has a contact angles θ.sub.A of water on both surfaces in a thickness direction being 0 to 15° and a contact angle θ.sub.B of water in a middle portion in the thickness direction being 0 to 15°. The hydrophilic porous carbon electrode is obtained by forming the carbon fiber and a binder fiber into a sheet, impregnating the sheet into a thermosetting resin, subjecting it to heat press processing, and then subjecting it to carbonization at 400 to 3000° C. in an inert atmosphere. The hydrophilic porous carbon electrode is transported and is subjected to a heat treatment while an oxidizing gas flows at 400 to 800° C. in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the hydrophilic porous carbon electrode is transported to be subjected to hydrophilization.

A mixed conductor, a method of preparing the same, and a cathode, a lithium-air battery, and an electrochemical device each including the mixed conductor. The mixed conductor is represented by Formula 1 and having electronic conductivity and ionic conductivity:

Li.sub.xMO.sub.2-δ  Formula 1 wherein, in Formula 1, M is a Group 4 element, a Group 5 element, a Group 6 element, a Group 7 element, a Group 8 element, a Group 10 element, a Group 11 element, a Group 12 element, or a combination thereof, and 0<x<1 and 0≤δ≤1 are satisfied.

A Li-air battery is provided. The battery contains: an anode compartment containing lithium or a lithium alloy as active metal; a cathode compartment supplied with an O.sub.2 source; and a lithium ion conductive membrane separating the anode compartment from the cathode compartment. The cathode compartment contains an air electrode with a skin alloy platinum or palladium catalyst.

A lithium-air or lithium-oxygen electrochemical generator comprising at least one electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte conducting lithium ions disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode wherein the negative electrode comprises, as active material, a lithium and calcium alloy.

A metal-air battery includes: an anode including a metal; a cathode spaced apart from the anode; and a separator between the anode and the cathode, wherein the cathode includes a first cathode layer including a first conductive material, and a second cathode layer disposed on the first cathode layer, the second cathode layer including a second conductive material, and wherein the first cathode layer provides a metal ion conduction path and the second cathode layer provides an electron transfer path.

This invention relates to an electrode structure including a porous electrode that simultaneously performs the functions both of a bipolar plate and of a felt electrode and has a pattern layer or a mesh layer serving as a flow path on the surface thereof, a method of manufacturing the same, and a redox flow battery stack configuration for decreasing shunt current.

A fuel cell membrane electrode assembly including a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and first and second electrodes. The PEM is situated between the first and second electrodes. The first electrode includes a first catalyst material layer including a first catalyst material and having first and second surfaces. The first electrode includes first and second material layers adjacent to the first and second surfaces, respectively, of the first catalyst material. The first material layer faces away from the PEM and the second material layer faces the PEM. The first material layer comprises a graphene-based material layer having a number of defects configured to mitigate dissolution of the first catalyst material through the first material layer.