The disclosure relates to solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode materials that comprise various compositions of chromate based oxide materials. These materials offer high conductivity achievable at intermediate and low temperatures and can be used to prepare the anode layer of a SOFC. A method of making a low- or intermediate-temperature SOFC having an anode layer comprising a chromate based oxide material is also provided.

An anode catalyst layer for a fuel cell includes: electrode catalyst particles; a carbon carrier carrying the electrode catalyst particles; water electrolysis catalyst particles; a proton-conductive binder; and a graphitized carbon, wherein the content of the graphitized carbon in the anode catalyst layer for a fuel cell is 3-70 mass % with respect to the total mass of the electrode catalyst particles, the carbon carrier, and the graphitized carbon.

According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a solid oxide fuel cell includes a cathode, an anode, and a solid oxide electrolyte between the anode and the cathode. The solid oxide electrolyte includes a solid oxide, and the anode includes a porous scaffold. The porous scaffold includes a solid oxide having metal-based catalysts disposed on one or more surfaces of the porous scaffold. In embodiments, at least one ammonia decomposition layer is disposed proximate the surface of the porous scaffold and is configured to convert ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen for subsequent feed of hydrogen to the anode. The ammonia decomposition layer also includes a metal decomposition catalyst.

According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a solid oxide fuel cell includes a cathode, an anode, and a solid oxide electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode. The anode includes a porous scaffold that includes a solid oxide having one or more metal nanoparticles disposed on one or more surfaces of the porous scaffold. The porous scaffold and the solid oxide electrolyte are formed from La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2Ga.sub.0.83Mg.sub.0.17O.sub.2.815 (LSGM), and the metal nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of platinum, nickel, gold, and combinations thereof. Methods of synthesizing ammonia using the fuel cell are also described.

A raw material of an electrolyte solution that is to be dissolved in a solvent to form an electrolyte solution, and the raw material of an electrolyte solution is a raw material of an electrolyte solution that is a solid or semisolid that contains Ti in an amount of 2 mass % to 83 mass % inclusive, Mn in an amount of 3 mass % to 86 mass % inclusive, and S in an amount of 6 mass % to 91 mass % inclusive.

The present invention provides a method of fabricating a catalytic reaction material. A solution of a carbon precursor compound and a noble metal precursor compound is prepared; the carbon precursor compound includes a salt component. The solution is recrystallized the solution to form recrystallized complexes including both the carbon precursor compound and the noble metal precursor compound. The recrystallized complexes are calcined to create a salt template for generation of two-dimensional carbon nanosheets embedding isolated noble metal atoms. Further calcining and washing decomposes the salt template to produce two two-dimensional carbon nanosheets embedding isolated noble metal atoms, each nanosheet having a thickness of approximately 1 to approximately 10 nanometers.

A solid oxide fuel cell includes: a support layer mainly composed of a metal; an anode supported by the support; and a mixed layer interposed between the support and the anode, wherein the anode includes an electrode bone structure composed of a ceramic material containing a first oxide having electron conductivity and a second oxide having oxygen ion conductivity, and the mixed layer has a structure in which a metallic material and a ceramic material are mixed.

A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) includes a membrane, a cathode catalyst layer, a cathode co-catalyst layer including a hydrogen reservoir, an anode catalyst layer, and an anode co-catalyst layer including a hydrogen reservoir. The anode co-catalyst layer and the cathode co-catalyst layer cap a cathode potential at lower than 1.5V and an anode potential at lower than 1.0V. The anode co-catalyst layer and the cathode co-catalyst layer can include a platinum doped rare earth oxide, such as platinum doped cerium oxide.

A method of making a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) includes the steps of providing a first SOFC layer laminate tape comprising a first SOFC layer composition attached to a flexible carrier film layer, providing a second SOFC laminate tape comprising a second SOFC layer composition attached to a flexible carrier film layer, and providing a third SOFC layer laminate tape comprising a third SOFC layer composition attached to a flexible carrier film layer. The first SOFC layer laminate tape, the second SOFC layer laminate tape, and the third SOFC layer laminate tape are assembled on rolls positioned along a roll-to-roll assembly line. The laminate tapes are sequentially laminated and calendered and the flexible carrier films removed to provide a composite SOFC precursor laminate that can be sintered and combined with a cathode to provide a completed SOFC. An assembly for making composite SOFC precursor laminates is also disclosed.

A positive electrode for metal-air battery, comprising: a plurality of carbon nanotube films comprising a first carbon nanotube layer comprising a plurality of first carbon nanotubes; and a second carbon nanotube layer adjacent to the first carbon nanotube layer and comprising a plurality of second carbon nanotubes, wherein an alignment direction of the plurality of first carbon nanotubes in the first carbon nanotube layer and an alignment direction of the plurality of second carbon nanotubes in the second carbon nanotube layer are different from each other, and wherein an average specific tensile strength of the plurality of carbon nanotube films is greater than or equal to about 0.1 gigapascal per gram per cubic centimeter and less than or equal to about 1 gigapascal per gram per cubic centimeter.