Herein disclosed is a method of making a fuel cell including forming an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte using an additive manufacturing machine. The electrolyte is between the anode and the cathode. Preferably, electrical current flow is perpendicular to the electrolyte in the lateral direction when the fuel cell is in use. Preferably, the method comprises making an interconnect, a barrier layer, and a catalyst layer using the additive manufacturing machine.

A membrane electrode assembly can include an anode layer. The anode layer can include a first layer, and a second layer. The second layer can include a cerium oxide. A method of assembling a membrane electrode assembly can include provision of a membrane, a first layer, and a second layer. The second layer can include a cerium oxide. The first layer can be disposed on the second layer to form an anode layer. The anode layer can be disposed on an anode side of the membrane.

A sodium-ion battery comprising a biochar-based anode layer, an NaNiO.sub.2 cathode layer, and an metakaolin solid electrolyte pellets layer.

Disclosed are a method of manufacturing an anode dual catalyst for a fuel cell so as to prevent a reverse voltage phenomenon and a dual catalyst manufactured by the same. The method may include supporting effectively metal catalyst particles and oxide particles on a conductive support, and thus, a dual catalyst manufactured using the method may be suitably used for controlling a reverse voltage phenomenon that occurs at the anode.

A high-performance positive electrode catalyst for a metal-air battery is disclosed, which is composed of transition metal nitride-transition metal oxide heterogeneous particles and a mesoporous carbon matrix. The nano heterogeneous particles, which are 10-50% based on the total mass of the catalyst, are dispersed in the mesoporous carbon matrix; and the oxide is 10-100% based on the heterogeneous particles. A preparation method of the catalyst includes: treating mesoporous carbon with a strong acid solution to obtain surface-functionalized mesoporous carbon; immersing the surface-functionalized mesoporous carbon in an aqueous solution of a transition metal salt, and stirring and washing; adding ammonia water and stirring to enable a confined complexation reaction; washing again, and vacuum drying; and calcining the product in an inert atmosphere or a vacuum condition.

Composites including silica phase and magneli-phase titanium suboxide, supported catalyst particles including the same, electrodes including the supported catalyst particles, and electrochemical cells including the electrode.

A hybrid redox fuel cell system includes a hybrid redox fuel cell and an electrochemical cell. The hybrid redox fuel cell includes an anode side through which hydrogen is flowed and a cathode side through which liquid electrolyte is flowed, the liquid electrolyte including a metal ion at a higher oxidation state and the metal ion at a lower oxidation state. An anode side of the electrochemical cell is fluidly connected to the cathode side of the hybrid redox fuel cell. At the hybrid redox fuel cell, power is generated by reducing the metal ion at the higher oxidation state to the lower oxidation state at the cathode side while oxidizing the reductant at the anode side. At the anode side of the electrochemical cell, the metal ion at the lower oxidation state is oxidized to the higher oxidation state while the power is generated.

A CoVO.sub.x composite electrode and method of making is described. The composite electrode comprises a substrate with an average 0.5-5 μm thick layer of CoVO.sub.x having pores with average diameters of 2-200 nm. The method of making the composite electrode involves contacting the substrate with an aerosol comprising a solvent, a cobalt complex, and a vanadium complex. The CoVO.sub.x composite electrode is capable of being used in an electrochemical cell for water oxidation.

The present disclosure provides a fibrous rutile-type oxide that contains an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, and a transition metal atom. The transition metal atom is at least one atom selected from the group consisting of a titanium atom, a tantalum atom, a niobium atom, and a zirconium atom. The rutile-type oxide is represented by the chemical formula MO.sub.xN.sub.y, where M represents the transition metal atom. In the chemical formula, x satisfies x = 2 - (y +j) (j ≥ 0).

A metal metal-air battery includes: an anode layer including a metal, a cathode layer spaced apart from the anode layer and including a hybrid conductive material having both electron conductivity and ionic conductivity; and a separator disposed between the anode layer and the cathode layer, wherein the hybrid conductive material includes a channel for metal ion transfer from the anode layer and a channel for electron transfer between the cathode and the anode.