A controller stops flow of posolyte through a positive electrode chamber of a flow cell to trap the posolyte within the positive electrode chamber and hydraulically isolate the flow cell without stopping flow of negolyte through a negative electrode chamber of the flow cell, discharges the flow cell until hydrogen gas is evolved at a reactive surface of the positive electrode chamber while the posolyte is trapped within the positive electrode chamber, and subsequently discontinues the discharge and restarts the flow of the posolyte through the positive electrode chamber.

A redox flow battery and battery system are provided. In one example, the redox flow battery includes a set of pressure plates having a first pressure plate at a first terminal end and a second pressure plate at a second terminal end, the second terminal end and the first terminal end positioned on opposing longitudinal sides of the redox flow battery. The redox flow battery further includes a first cell stack positioned longitudinally between the first pressure plate and the second pressure plate, each of the first and second pressure plates includes a plurality stacking detents on a first flange and a plurality of stacking protrusions on a second flange, and the first flange and the second flange arranged on opposing vertical sides of the redox flow battery.

An underwater liquid supply unit includes a first bladder containing a first liquid, a second bladder containing a second liquid, and a third bladder containing a third liquid. The combined volume of the first liquid, second liquid, and third liquid is neutrally buoyant relative to a surrounding medium the liquid supply unit is disposed in (e.g., in seawater). As the first liquid, second liquid, and third liquid are dispensed from the bladders, the bladders may reduce in size in at least one dimension. As the liquids are dispensed, the liquids may be dispensed in a predetermined volumetric ratio based on the density of the liquids to maintain neutral buoyancy of the combined volume of liquid. The underwater liquid supply unit may also include an integrated generator such as a fuel cell, as well as a propeller.

A system is disclosed for providing inerting gas to a protected space, and also providing electrical power. The system includes an electrochemical cell comprising a cathode and an anode separated by a separator comprising a proton transfer medium. Inerting gas is produced at the cathode. A fuel source comprising methanol or formaldehyde or ethanol and a water source are each in controllable operative fluid communication with the anode. A controller is configured to alternatively operate the system in a first mode of operation where water is directed to the anode fluid flow path inlet and electric power is directed from a power source to the electrochemical cell, and in a second mode of operation in which the fuel is directed from the fuel source to the anode fluid flow path inlet and electric power is directed from the electrochemical cell to the power sink.

A system is disclosed for providing inerting gas to a protected space, and also providing electrical power. The system includes an electrochemical cell comprising a cathode and an anode separated by a separator comprising a proton transfer medium. Inerting gas is produced at the cathode. A fuel source comprising methanol or formaldehyde or ethanol and a water source are each in controllable operative fluid communication with the anode. A controller is configured to alternatively operate the system in a first mode of operation where water is directed to the anode fluid flow path inlet and electric power is directed from a power source to the electrochemical cell, and in a second mode of operation in which the fuel is directed from the fuel source to the anode fluid flow path inlet and electric power is directed from the electrochemical cell to the power sink.

At a position between a fuel offgas inlet portion and a fuel gas inlet portion in a main body portion in the facing direction where a first end faces a second end, a fluid confluence joint is provided with at least either one of (i) at least one step formed over a whole circumference of an inner wall of the main body portion by reducing the passage sectional area on a fuel gas passage portion side to be smaller than the passage sectional area on a confluence passage portion side, and (ii) at least one partition wall formed over the whole circumference so as to project inwardly from the inner wall of the main body portion.

An ion conducting polymer comprising a modified poly(phenylene oxide) is described. In an exemplary modified polymer, a portion of the monomeric units are attached to a sulfonate-substituted arylamino moiety, such as a monovalent derivative of phenoxy aniline trisulfonate (BOATS), to form a monomeric unit with a charged side chain. Ion conducting polymers can also be prepared with polyether-containing side chains. The ion conducting polymer can be used to prepare ion exchange membranes which can be used in a variety of applications, such as in non-aqueous redox flow batteries and related energy storage systems.

An ion conducting polymer comprising a modified poly(phenylene oxide) is described. In an exemplary modified polymer, a portion of the monomeric units are attached to a sulfonate-substituted arylamino moiety, such as a monovalent derivative of phenoxy aniline trisulfonate (BOATS), to form a monomeric unit with a charged side chain. Ion conducting polymers can also be prepared with polyether-containing side chains. The ion conducting polymer can be used to prepare ion exchange membranes which can be used in a variety of applications, such as in non-aqueous redox flow batteries and related energy storage systems.

An energy transmission system is provided for a power generation plant including. plural distributed power generation devices and a flow battery system that includes plural charging stacks including electrochemical flow, wherein each charging stack is associated with one or a group of the power generation devices of the power generation plant and wherein each charging stack is configured to receive electrical energy produced by the associated power generation device or group of power generation devices and to energi/e an electrolyte of the flow battery system by the received electrical energy; a central storage unit configured to store the electrolyte of the flow battery system; a discharging stack including electrochemical flow cells, wherein the discharging stack is configured to extract electrical energy from the electrolyte and to provide the electrical energy to a power gri A wind farm including wind turbines and including such energy transmission system is further provided.

An energy transmission system is provided for a power generation plant including. plural distributed power generation devices and a flow battery system that includes plural charging stacks including electrochemical flow, wherein each charging stack is associated with one or a group of the power generation devices of the power generation plant and wherein each charging stack is configured to receive electrical energy produced by the associated power generation device or group of power generation devices and to energi/e an electrolyte of the flow battery system by the received electrical energy; a central storage unit configured to store the electrolyte of the flow battery system; a discharging stack including electrochemical flow cells, wherein the discharging stack is configured to extract electrical energy from the electrolyte and to provide the electrical energy to a power gri A wind farm including wind turbines and including such energy transmission system is further provided.