An anaerobic aluminum-water electrochemical cell that includes: a plurality of electrode stacks, each electrode stack featuring an aluminum or aluminum alloy anode, and at least one cathode configured to be electrically coupled to the anode; one or more physical separators between each electrode stack adjacent to the cathode; a housing configured to hold the electrode stacks, an electrolyte, and the physical separators; a water injection port, in the housing, configured to introduce water into the housing. The electrochemical cell also includes an amount of hydroxide base sufficient to form an electrolyte having a hydroxide base concentration of at least 0.05 M to at most 3 M when water is introduced between the anode and at least one cathode of the electrochemical cell. The aluminum or aluminum alloy of the anode is substantially free of titanium and boron.

An anaerobic aluminum-water electrochemical cell is provided. The electrochemical cell includes: a plurality of electrode stacks, each electrode stack including an aluminum or aluminum alloy anode, and at least one cathode configured to be electrically coupled to the anode; one or more physical separators between each electrode stack adjacent to the cathode; a housing configured to hold the electrode stacks, an electrolyte, and the physical separators; a water injection port, in the housing, configured to introduce water into the housing, and an amount of hydroxide base sufficient to form an electrolyte having a hydroxide base concentration of at least 0.5% to at most 13% of the saturation concentration when water is introduced between the anode and the least one cathode. The aluminum or aluminum alloy of the anode is substantially free of titanium and boron.

An air cell includes a plurality of electrode structures each including a filling chamber for an electrolyte liquid interposed between an air electrode and a metal negative electrode; an electrode housing portion individually housing the plural electrode structures; and a liquid supply unit which supplies the electrolyte liquid to the plural electrode structures. The electrode housing portion includes a plurality of liquid injection holes to inject the electrolyte liquid into the filling chambers of the respective electrode structures and a plurality of liquid junction prevention portions each dividing a space between the liquid injection holes adjacent to each other. The liquid supply unit includes a liquid injection device allowing the electrolyte liquid to flow into the plural liquid injection holes.

A redox flow battery includes first and second electrodes, a separator separating the first and second electrodes, an active material, an electrolytic solution containing a redox species, and a circulation mechanism. The active material is insoluble in the electrolytic solution. The circulation mechanism circulates the electrolytic solution between the first electrode and the active material. The redox species performs oxidation and reduction at the first electrode and is oxidized and reduced by the active material. The circulation mechanism includes an electrolytic solution container containing the active material and a permeation preventing unit. The electrolytic solution is brought into contact with the active material in the electrolytic solution container, and the redox species is oxidized and reduced by the active material. The permeation preventing unit is disposed adjacent the outlet for the electrolytic solution of the electrolytic solution container and prevents permeation of the active material.

An electrode comprising galvanic membranes having a thickness defined by an average length of vectors normal to a membrane first surface and extending to where said vectors intersect a membrane uncompressed second surface; a non-porous metal sheet having first and second surfaces; a non-porous dielectric sheet having first and second surfaces; square weave metal wire screens having a wire diameter slightly greater than one half the at least one galvanic membrane thickness dimension; wherein, at least one galvanic membrane is adjacent the metal wire screen on the at least one galvanic membrane first and second surfaces in a stack of membranes and screens; the metal wire screen is adjacent the first surface of the non-porous dielectric sheet; the second surfaces of non-porous metal sheets have a sustained pressure of at least 7 million Pascal; and; the metal wire screen is collectively in incompressible vertical alignment with another metal wire screen.

An elevated target amount of electrolyte is used to initially fill a molten carbonate fuel cell that is operated under carbon capture conditions. The increased target electrolyte fill level can be achieved in part by adding additional electrolyte to the cathode collector prior to start of operation. The increased target electrolyte fill level can provide improved fuel cell performance and lifetime when operating a molten carbonate fuel cell at high current density with a low-CO.sub.2 content cathode input stream and/or when operating a molten carbonate fuel cell at high CO.sub.2 utilization.

A power supply battery and a power supply system for high-speed maglev trains are disclosed. The power supply battery comprises: an electrolyte tank, a plurality of liquid flow pumps, and a plurality of aluminum-air battery reactors. The plurality of aluminum-air battery reactors are sequentially connected in series. The electrolyte tank comprises a plurality of elongate electrolyte grooves. One liquid flow pump corresponds to one aluminum-air battery reactor and one electrolyte groove.

Various embodiments include a redox flow battery comprising: a cell divided into half-cells by a membrane; an electrolyte able to flow through the interior of the respective half-cell; an electrode; and a guide structure for guiding the electrolyte integrated into and defined by the associated electrode. Each half-cell comprises a current collector and an electrode element arranged in an interior of the respective half-cell.

An electro-synthetic water electrolysis cell, and method of operation, including a first gas diffusion electrode configured to generate a first gas and be in direct contact with a first gas body including the first gas, and a second electrode. A porous capillary spacer is configured to be filled with a liquid electrolyte and is positioned between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second electrode. Preferably, an average pore diameter of the porous capillary spacer is more than 2 m (microns).

Zero-gap electrochemical cell architectures that employ molecular-level capillary and/or diffusion and/or osmotic effects to minimize the need for macroscopic external management of the electrochemical cell. Preferably, these effects intrinsically respond to the electrochemical cell conditions, making them self-regulating. In one example is disclosed an electro-synthetic or electro-energy cell, and method of operation, including a reservoir for containing a liquid electrolyte, a first gas diffusion electrode positioned outside of the reservoir, and a second electrode positioned outside of the reservoir. A porous capillary spacer is positioned between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second electrode, the porous capillary spacer having an end that extends into the reservoir. Preferably, the porous capillary spacer is able to fill itself with the liquid electrolyte when the end of the porous capillary spacer is in liquid contact with the liquid electrolyte in the reservoir.