Disclosed a redox-relay battery comprising a half-cell electrode chamber comprising an electrode, wherein the half-cell electrode chamber is in fluid communication with a reservoir; wherein the half-electrode chamber further comprises a shuttle material comprising one or more redox-active organic compounds; wherein the reservoir comprises a plurality of redox-active solids (ROS); wherein the shuttle material is configured to circulate through the half-cell electrode chamber to the reservoir to relay a charge between at least a portion of the redox-active solids and the electrode, and wherein the plurality of the redox-active solids exhibit a redox potential substantially identical to a redox potential of the one or more redox-active organic compounds.

An integrated solar hydrogen production module includes a plurality of PV cells supported on a housing of the module. The module has an energy storage system which includes a rechargeable metal ion battery and a flow battery. The metal ion battery is charged by the PV cells. An electrolyser for converting water to gaseous hydrogen and oxygen can be powered directly by the PV cells or by either of the rechargeable metal ion battery and a flow battery. The PV cells, the metal-ion battery, the flow battery membrane and the electrolyser are electrically coupled together and integrated into or carried by the module housing. Electrically powered and solar thermal heaters can be incorporated into or with the module to heat the water in the electrolysers. A pump pressurises the water to facilitate the pressurisation of hydrogen and oxygen produced by the electrolysis.

Disclosed are redox flow battery membranes, redox flow batteries incorporating the membranes, and methods of forming the membranes. The membranes include a polybenzimidazole gel membrane that is capable of incorporating a high liquid content without loss of structure that is formed according to a process that includes in situ hydrolysis of a polyphosphoric acid solvent. The membranes are imbibed with a redox flow battery supporting electrolyte such as sulfuric acid and can operate at very high ionic conductivities of about 100 mS/cm or greater. Redox flow batteries incorporating the PBI-based membranes can operate at high current densities of about 100 mA/cm.sup.2 or greater.

The present specification relates to a halogenated compound, a polymer and a polymer electrolyte membrane including the same.

The Ce—H.sub.2 redox flow cell is optimized using commercially-available cell materials. Cell performance is found to be sensitive to the upper charge cutoff voltage, membrane boiling pretreatment, methanesulfonic-acid concentration, (+) electrode surface area and flow pattern, and operating temperature. Performance is relatively insensitive to membrane thickness, Cerium concentration, and all features of the (−) electrode including hydrogen flow. Cell performance appears to be limited by mass transport and kinetics in the cerium (+) electrode. Maximum discharge power of 895 mW cm.sup.−2 was observed at 60° C.; an energy efficiency of 90% was achieved at 50° C. The Ce—H.sub.2 cell is promising for energy storage assuming one can optimize Ce reaction kinetics and electrolyte.

An electrolyte station is used for electrolyte replacement in a redox flow battery that is mounted to a vehicle. The electrolyte station includes: a stand that includes a connector that connects to a connection socket that connects to an electrolyte tank in the redox flow battery; a recovery tank that stores a recovered electrolyte; a filling tank that stores a charged electrolyte; a recovery line that connects the connector in the stand and the recovery tank; and a filling line that connects the connector in the stand and the filling tank. In response to the connector being connected to the connection socket, the electrolyte station enables the used electrolyte removed from an electrolyte tank to be recovered to the recovery tank through the recovery line, and enables the charged electrolyte stored in the filling tank to be supplied the electrolyte tank through the filling line.

A liquid catholyte as well as electrochemical cells and automotive vehicles employing the liquid catholyte are disclosed. The liquid catholyte includes a quinone as redox active material and a fluoroalkylsulfonyl salt as charge balancing agent and is characterized by a liquid form of the redox active material regardless of redox state. The liquid catholyte can thus have utility as a catholyte in a flow battery.

An electrode current collector including a metal foil wherein a coating layer is formed on one or both surfaces of the metal foil, and a contact angle with pure water of the surface of the coating layer at a side opposite to the metal foil side is 30° or more.

The present specification relates to a polymer electrolyte membrane including a polymer and inorganic particles.

The present specification relates to a polymer and a polymer electrolyte membrane including the same.