Self-charging electrochemical cells, including self-charging batteries that incorporate such self-charging electrochemical cells, the electrochemical cells including a cathode including a cathode active material, an electrolyte including a solvent and a salt dissolved in the solvent, the electrolyte being in contact with the cathode, where the cathode active material is transformed into a discharge product during or after a discharge of the self-charging electrochemical cell and a solubility of the cathode active material in the electrolyte is less than a solubility of the discharge product in the electrolyte.

Systems and methods for operating an electric energy storage device are described. The systems and methods may generate a state of charge estimate that is based on negative electrode plating. An overall state of charge may be determined from the state of charge estimate that is based on negative electrode plating and a state of charge estimate that is not based on negative electrode plating.

A flow battery includes a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a first liquid in contact with the negative electrode, a second liquid in contact with the positive electrode, and a lithium-ion-conductive film disposed between the first liquid and the second liquid. At least one of the first liquid or the second liquid contains a redox species and lithium ions. The lithium-ion-conductive film includes an inorganic member containing zeolite.

Aqueous anolytes for redox flow batteries are disclosed. The anolytes include a fluorenone-fluorenol derivative, an additive comprising an organic compound including one or more proton acceptor groups, an alkali metal hydroxide, and water. The additive functions as a homogeneous organocatalyst and may increase the current density of an aqueous redox flow battery including the anolyte.

A redox flow battery includes a cathode, an anode, a charge-carrying electrolyte, and an (a) oxidized and a (b) reduced form of an active material. The active material has the following formula: (D)-(L)-(A)-[(L)-(A)].sub.V-D.sub.Z(F1) or (D)-(L)-(A)-(L-D).sub.X (F2). In these formulae, each D is covalently bonded to an L, each L is covalently bonded to an A, x is a number from 0 to 5, v is a number from 0 to 5 and z is 0 or 1. D is an electron donor compound, L is a linker, and A is an electron acceptor compound. Each of D, L, and A has a particular structure.

[Problem] To provide a stacked structure including electrodes that can effectively prevent misalignment between units. [Solution] A stacked structure 2 including electrodes 232, 332, 412, 233, 333, 422, wherein multiple units 23, 33, 24, 41, 42 including flat units are stacked and fastened by fasteners 25, the respective units 23, 33, 24, 41, 42 comprising frame-shaped fastening portions 237a, 237b, 337a, 337b, 247a, 247b, 417a, 417b, 427a, 427b on outer peripheral portions on both surfaces thereof, being stacked by the surfaces of the respective fastening portions 237a, 237b, 337a, 337b, 247a, 247b, 417a, 417b, 427a, 427b being pressed against each other, and being formed so that the width of fastening portions 247a, 247b, 337a, 337b, 427a, 427b on one unit is different from the width of fastening portions 237a, 237b, 417a, 417b on another unit.

A thermal energy storage system is provided, comprising an outer shell defining an outer shell volume, an energy transfer module, comprising an input port for providing energy to the energy storage system, an output port for retrieving energy from energy storage system, wherein the outer shell is provided with a fluid distribution network.

The present disclosure relates to redox active materials, such as the compound of formula (I), comprising at least one 2,5-dithio-7-azabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane unit connected to a surface thereof, as well as processes for making said redox active materials. The present disclosure relates to a method for recovering a metal, comprising reacting a metal in oxidized state with said redox active material. The present disclosure relates to uses of these redox active materials in sensors, electronic materials and for extracting metals.

Coordination complexes of tetrathiafulvalene-based dithiolene linkers, such as tetrathiafulvalene-2,3,6,7-tetrathiolate (TTFtt), and their oxidation products are described. The coordination complexes can include metals such as tin or silicon. Also described are methods of using the coordination complexes in transmetallation reactions, e.g., to prepare sulfur coordination polymers, and sulfur coordination polymers doped with tetrathiafulvalene-based dithiolene linkers having different oxidation states.

An electrode for a redox flow battery, including a plate-shaped carbon electrode material, in which uniform consecutive macropores are formed in a three-dimensional network form and contact interface between carbon particles does not exist, in which: an average macropore diameter of the carbon electrode material is in a range of from 6 μm to 35 μm; an interplanar distance of (002) planes of a graphite crystallite in the carbon electrode material is in a range of from 0.33 nm to 0.40 nm; and a crystallite size of a graphite crystallite in a c-axis direction in the carbon electrode material is in a range of from 0.9 nm to 8.5 nm.