A control system is described to improve all dynamic, multi-cell metal air batteries to ensure load requirements are met while optimizing battery performance according to a range of performance criteria. This control system can be augmented with Machine Learning to further improve both the effectiveness and efficiency of the battery system over time. A dynamic multi-cell metal air battery system design is disclosed to achieve continuous or intermittent high power, broadening the applicability of metal air batteries combined with electric motors to applications traditionally reserved for internal combustion engines.

Various embodiments provide a battery, a bulk energy storage system including the battery, and/or a method of operating the bulk energy storage system including the battery. In various embodiment, the battery may include a first electrode, an electrolyte, and a second electrode, wherein one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises direct reduced iron (“DRI”). In various embodiments, the DRI may be in the form of pellets. In various embodiments, the pellets may comprise at least about 60 wt % iron by elemental mass, based on the total mass of the pellets. In various embodiments, one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises from about 60% to about 90% iron and from about 1% to about 40% of a component comprising one or more of the materials selected from the group of SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, MgO, CaO, and TiO.sub.2.

An air-zinc battery module includes a reception part having a sealed space formed therein, a gas storage part which is located in one area in the reception part and can discharge air or oxygen therefrom, and an air-zinc battery part which is located in another area in the reception part and includes at least one air-zinc battery cell for generating electricity when air or oxygen is supplied thereto.

Aluminum-air battery units and stacks are provided with frames configured to mechanically support the anode of each unit, within a housing configured to support the frame and the air cathode(s) mechanically, sealably hold the electrolyte within the housing and in fluid communication with openings in the housing—forming one or two sided electrochemical cell in each unit. The frame comprises a protective strap configured to protect edges of the rectangular anode against corrosion by the electrolyte during operation, and also an external trapezoid shape that is configured to press the protective strap against the edges of the rectangular anode upon insertion of the frame with the anode into the housing. Various embodiments comprise, spacers between the anode and cathodes and grids supporting airways to the cathodes. In disclosed configurations, anode may be replaced after electrolyte evacuation while maintaining the stack sealed and quickly ready for renewed operation.

A metal air battery cell has a sealed pouch defined by a metallocene film and a gas and liquid impermeable flexible layer, and an electrochemical cell contained within the pouch. The metallocene film and gas and liquid impermeable flexible layer are sealed to each other and around the electrochemical cell.

A metal-gas battery including: a battery core including: a metal anode; a non-aqueous electrolyte; a porous cathode; and terminals for providing electrical power from the battery core. The metal-gas battery further including a gas generator configured to be activated by electrical power to generate a pressurized gas; and a gas container having an opening through which the generated gas can move from the gas container into the porous cathode to activate the battery core

A metal air battery cell has a sealed pouch defined by a metallocene film and a gas and liquid impermeable flexible layer, and an electrochemical cell contained within the pouch. The metallocene film and gas and liquid impermeable flexible layer are sealed to each other and around the electrochemical cell.

An electrode structure includes a first electrode unit, a second electrode unit and a first insulating frame, in which the electrode units are adjacent to each other. The first insulating unit has an airflow space therein and includes an electrically conducive base with an airflow plane and an air cell cathode disposed on an outer surface of the airflow plane. The second insulating unit includes an electrically conductive base and an air cell anode disposed on an outer surface of the electrically conductive base. The first insulating frame spaces and joins the adjacent electrode units to each other such that the air cell cathode and the air cell anode of the adjacent electrode units are opposed to each other. The first insulating frame together with the adjacent electrode units forms an electrolytic solution container.

Thin magnesium plate 101, which contains metal magnesium, is enclosed by separator 102, which is made of fluid-permeable material and is used as magnesium fuel assembly 100 in magnesium battery 120 in this invention. Magnesium fuel assembly 100 is enclosed from both sides by cathode 103 and provided with electrolyte retention unit 106, which stores electrolyte 107, at its bottom. When magnesium fuel assembly 100 is pushed down from above, separator 102 is impregnated with electrolyte 107, thereby initiating the battery reaction.

A negative electrode for an aqueous electrolyte cell disclosed in the present application contains an electrolytic zinc foil as an active material layer. The electrolytic zinc foil is preferably composed of zinc alloy containing Bi in a proportion of 0.001 to 0.2% by mass. A sheet-type cell disclosed in the present application includes a sheet-type outer case and a power generation element contained in the sheet-type outer case. The power generation element includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an aqueous electrolyte solution. The negative electrode is the negative electrode for an aqueous electrolyte cell of the present application.