An all solid battery includes: a solid electrolyte layer including a glass component, a main component of the solid electrolyte layer being phosphoric acid salt-based solid electrolyte; and electrode layers that are provided on both main faces of the solid electrolyte layer, wherein the electrode layers include a carbon material having an average particle diameter of 40 nm or more and 120 nm or less, wherein a DBP oil absorption of the carbon material is 200 mL/100 g or less.

A lead acid battery is provided. The battery includes a container and a plurality of electrochemical cells within the container. The electrochemical cells have a plurality of flat positive plates each composed of a grid formed of virgin lead or high purity lead or highly purified secondary lead and a positive battery paste disposed on the grid, the battery paste comprising a lead-containing composition, a positive plate paste vehicle, and a polyvinylsulfonate additive. The electrochemical cells also have a plurality of flat negative plates each composed of a grid and a negative battery paste disposed on the grid, the battery paste comprising a lead-containing composition and a negative plate paste vehicle. An absorbent glass mat is interleaved between the flat positive plate and the flat negative plate. An electrolyte is provided in the container and retained in the absorbent glass mat. The electrolyte includes phosphoric acid. The plurality of flat positive plates and the plurality of flat negative plates are connected by intercell connectors and coupled to one or more terminals. A lid is provided on the container.

Highly anion resistant electrocatalysts suitable for catalyzing an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and methods of synthesizing the same are provided. The catalysts contain a transition metal, a heteroatom, and carbon. Preferred catalysts include N as the heteroatom and Fe as the transition metal, with active sites having FeN.sub.4 stoichiometry (Fe.sub.xN.sub.yC.sub.z) as part of a metal organic framework (MOF) or sequestered within a MOF. Electrocatalysts further including Fe nanoparticles (Fe.sub.NPs) are also provided. The catalysts described herein are applicable in the preparation of oxygen decoupled cathodes (ODC) for chlorine evolution processes such as in chlor-alkali cells or HCl electrolyzers. The catalysts are also useful in preparing ODC for use in fuel cells, including phosphoric acid fuel cells.

Provided is an electrolyte for a flow battery, the electrolyte being supplied to a flow battery, in which a total concentration of ions of elements of groups 1 to 8 and ions of elements of groups 13 to 16 in the fifth period of the periodic table, and ions of elements of groups 1, 2, and 4 to 8 and ions of elements of groups 13 to 15 in the sixth period of the periodic table, the ions being impurity element ions involved in generation of a gas containing elemental hydrogen, is 610 mg/L or less, a concentration of vanadium ions is 1 mol/L or more and 3 mol/L or less, a concentration of free sulfuric acid is 1 mol/L or more and 4 mol/L or less, a concentration of phosphoric acid is 1.010.sup.4 mol/L or more and 7.110.sup.1 mol/L or less, a concentration of ammonium is 20 mg/L or less, and a concentration of silicon is 40 mg/L or less. When a charging and discharging test is performed by circulating and supplying the electrolyte to the flow battery under specific conditions, a generation rate of hydrogen is less than 10 cc/h/m.sup.2 and a generation rate of hydrogen sulfide is less than 5.010.sup.3 cc/h/m.sup.2, the hydrogen and the hydrogen sulfide being generated in a negative electrode of the flow battery during charging and discharging.

Provided is an electrolyte in which a total concentration of ions of elements of groups 1 to 8 and ions of elements of groups 13 to 16 in the fifth period of the periodic table, and ions of elements of groups 1, 2, and 4 to 8 and ions of elements of groups 13 to 15 in the sixth period of the periodic table, the ions being additive element ions involved in gas generation, is more than 610 mg/L.

A redox reaction electrode includes a catalyst carrier, a Pt catalyst supported on the catalyst carrier, and an ionomer having proton conductivity. The ionomer contains H.sub.4PO.sub.4.sup.+. As a result, the redox reaction electrode has improved redox performance. A fuel battery includes the redox reaction electrode and an electrolyte disposed to be in contact with the redox reaction electrode.

Provided is an electrolyte flow battery system including a gas supply mechanism that always continuously supplies a flow gas containing an inert gas to a gas phase in a tank that stores an electrolyte. In the electrolyte, the total concentration of ions of elements in groups 1 to 8 and 13 to 16 in the fifth period and groups 1, 2, 4 to 8, and 13 to 15 in the sixth period of a periodic table is 2,500 mg/L or less. The generation rate of hydrogen is less than 95 cc/h/m.sup.2 when a charge and discharge test is performed while the electrolyte is circulated and supplied to an electrolyte flow battery. The flow rate of the flow gas is 1.0 L/min or more and 50 L/min or less.

This invention provides a redox fuel cell comprising an anode and a cathode separated by an ion selective polymer electrolyte membrane; means for supplying a fuel to the anode region of the cell; means for supplying an oxidant to the cathode region of the cell; means for providing an electrical circuit between the anode and the cathode; a non-volatile catholyte solution flowing in fluid communication with the cathode, the catholyte solution comprising a polyoxometallate redox couple being at least partially reduced at the cathode in operation of the cell, and at least partially re-generated by reaction with the oxidant after such reduction at the cathode, the catholyte solution further comprising vanadium species that result from the speciation of the polyoxometallate at an elevated temperature and/or pressure.

Disclosed are a novel inorganic compound capable of functioning as a negative electrode active material of an aqueous battery, and an aqueous battery using the same. The aqueous battery of the present disclosure comprises a positive electrode, an aqueous electrolyte solution and a negative electrode, the aqueous electrolyte solution contains water and alkali metal ions or zinc ions, the negative electrode contains an inorganic compound as a negative electrode active material, and the inorganic compound has a crystal structure belonging to a space group I23.

Provided are passivation layers for batteries. The batteries may be aqueous aluminum batteries. The passivation layer may be disposed on a portion of or all of a surface or surfaces of an anode, which may be an aluminum or aluminum alloy anode. The passivation layer is bonded to the surface of the anode. The passivation layer may be an organic, nitrogen-rich material and inorganic Al-halide rich or Al-nitrate rich material. The passivation layer may be formed by contacting an aluminum or aluminum alloy substrate, which may be aluminum or aluminum alloy anode, with one or more aluminum halide and one or more ionic liquid.