The present invention relates to an electrochemical device comprising a) a positive electrode, b) a negative electrode, c) a separator, and d) a liquid electrolyte, wherein at least one of said positive electrode and said negative electrode is a gelled electrode comprising an electronic conductive substrate and directly adhered onto the electronic conductive substrate, at least one layer of a gelled electrode-forming composition, and wherein the d) liquid electrolyte comprises at least one organic carbonate and/or at least one ionic liquid, and at least one metal salt. The present invention also relates to a process for manufacturing an electrochemical device comprising at least one gelled electrode.

An electrolyte includes an ionic liquid and an electrolyte salt dispersed in the ionic liquid. The ionic liquid includes organic nitrogen cations and charge-delocalized organic anions. The electrolyte salt is selected from alkali metal salt and/or alkaline earth metal salt.

A recovery method according to the present disclosure is a recovery method for recovering the capacity of an electrode active material of an electricity storage device having an electrode on which an electrode mixture containing the electrode active material is formed and containing an electrolyte solution that is in contact with the electrode and that contains a metal ion as a carrier ion and an electrolyte solvent. The recovery method includes an electrode recovery step of immersing the electrode of the electricity storage device in a recovery agent to recover the capacity of the electrode active material while maintaining the state of the electrode, the recovery agent being a solution containing an aromatic hydrocarbon compound in a reduced state, a metal ion of the same type as the carrier ion, a recovery agent solvent of an ether compound different from the electrolyte solvent, and an electrolyte solution.

The present invention relates to thermotropic ionic liquid crystal molecules of general formula (I) ##STR00001##
With E.sub.1 and E.sub.2, which may be identical or different, representing, independently of one another, a linear, saturated and unsubstituted C.sub.10 to C.sub.14 hydrocarbon-based radical, A.sup.x− representing a sulfonate anion or a sulfonylimide anion of formula —SO.sub.2—N.sup.−—SO.sub.2C.sub.yF.sub.2y+1 with y being an integer ranging from 0 to 2 and C.sup.x+ a sodium, lithium or potassium ion, most particularly advantageous for their conductivity performance qualities as an electrolyte in particular for lithium batteries.

The present disclosure is directed to a phosphorus-modified ionic liquid compound, the synthesis thereof and an electrochemical cell electrolyte containing the phosphorus-modified ionic liquid compound.

The present invention provides an electrolyte which is capable of retaining a high magnesium ion concentration. An electrolyte in accordance with an aspect of the present invention is obtained by mixing a solvent, metal magnesium, and an elemental halogen.

A novel eutectic solvent (NES) includes one or more derivative(s) of methanesulfonic, one or more ammonium salt(s) and one or more hydrogen bond donor(s). The disclosed NES may exhibit qualities such as low freezing and eutectic points, low viscosity, negligible vapor pressure, non-volatility, less water content, high potential window, high thermal stability, high solubility, long shelf life, high recyclability, high biodegradability, high ionic character, air and moisture stability, non-corrosive, non-mutagenic, economical, non-flammable, etc., hence having broader applications.

Provided is an ionic liquid including a cationic compound represented by Formula (1), where R represents an N-containing heterocyclic cation, and an anionic compound, an electrolyte including the ionic liquid, and a secondary battery.

##STR00001##

Provided is a lithium metal secondary battery, including: a positive electrode; a negative electrode current collector; an electrolyte layer provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode current collector; an intermediate layer provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode current collector and including an expandable and contractible, three-dimensional structure; and an ionic liquid held within the expandable and contractible, three-dimensional structure.

The disclosed technology generally relates to energy storage devices, and more particularly to energy storage devices comprising frustules. According to an aspect, a supercapacitor comprises a pair of electrodes and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the electrodes comprises a plurality of frustules having formed thereon a surface active material. The surface active material can include nanostructures. The surface active material can include one or more of a zinc oxide, a manganese oxide and a carbon nanotube.