Methods of making an anode for a lithium-based energy storage device such as a lithium-ion battery are disclosed. Methods may include providing a current collector. The current collector may include an electrically conductive layer and a surface layer overlaying over the electrically conductive layer. The surface layer may have an average thickness of at least 0.002 μm. The surface layer may include a metal chalcogenide including at least one of sulfur or selenium. Methods may include depositing a continuous porous lithium storage layer onto the surface layer by a PECVD process. The continuous porous lithium storage layer may have an average thickness in a range of 4 μm to 30 μm and comprises at least 85 atomic % amorphous silicon.

The invention provides a zwitterionic plastic crystal (ZIPC) compound in the form of a single molecule comprising: at least one positively charged functional group carrying at least one positive charge, and at least one negatively functional group carrying at least one negative charge, wherein the positively charged functional groups and the negatively charged functional groups are covalently tethered together in the molecule, and the net charge of the zwitterionic compound is zero, and wherein the compound exhibits evidence of molecular disorder in the solid state.

The present application provides an in-situ polymerized solid-state battery with a multilayer electrolyte, which comprises an oxidation-resistant polymer layer, which is formed in-situ on the positive electrode, and also comprises a reduction-resistant polymer layer, which is formed in-situ on the negative electrode. The oxidation-resistant polymer through chemical reaction is preset on the positive electrode during the mixing process. And a monomer or initiator that can form reduction-resistant polymer through chemical reaction is preset on the negative electrode plate during the mixing process. Then a monomer that reacts with the preset monomer or initiator is injected into the battery by liquid injection to initiate a polymerization reaction, and achieve in-situ polymerization inside the battery to form a multilayer electrolyte with an oxidation-resistant positive electrode and a reduction-resistant negative electrode, thereby improving the safety and cycle stability of the in-situ polymerized batterynd also reducing the interface impedance between the electrolyte and the electrode in the battery. This method is simple and easy to expand mass-production. The application also provides a preparation method of an in-situ polymerized solid-state battery with a multilayer electrolyte.

An embodiment is directed to a Li metal or Li-ion battery, including a conversion-type metal fluoride comprising cathode capable of storing and releasing Li ions during battery operation, a conversion-type type or Li metal-type anode capable of storing and releasing Li ions during battery operation, a separator membrane ionically coupling and electronically insulating the cathode and the anode, and a solid electrolyte with a Li transference number in the range from around 0.7 to around 1.0 impregnating at least the cathode, wherein the cathode comprises composite a core-shell particle and has an areal capacity loading that ranges from around 2 mAh/cm.sup.2 to around 12 mAh/cm.sup.2.

An anion exchange polymer includes aryl ether linkage free polyarylenes having aromatic/polyaromatic rings in polymer backbone and a tethered alkyl quaternary ammonium hydroxide side groups. This anion exchange polymer may be utilized in an anion exchange process and may be made into a thin anion transfer membrane. An ion transfer membrane may be mechanically reinforced having one or more layers of functional polymer based on a terphenyl backbone with quaternary ammonium functional groups and an inert porous scaffold material for reinforcement. An anion exchange membrane may have multilayers of anion exchange polymers which each containing varying types of backbones, varying degrees of functionalization, or varying functional groups to reduce ammonia crossover through the membrane.

A cathode includes: a mixed conductive layer, wherein the mixed conductive layer includes a core-shell structured particle having a core portion including a solid electrolyte and a shell portion including an electronic conductor, wherein the cathode is configured to use oxygen as a cathode active material.

Disclosed is an antioxidant for a polymer electrolyte membrane of a fuel cell including cerium hydrogen phosphate (CeHPO.sub.4). The presence of cerium hydrogen phosphate in the antioxidant enhances the dissolution stability of cerium and improves the ability to capture water, leading to an increase in proton conductivity. In addition, the cerium hydrogen phosphate has a crystal structure composed of smaller cerium particles. This crystal structure greatly improves the ability of the antioxidant to prevent oxidation of the electrolyte membrane. Also disclosed are an electrolyte membrane including the antioxidant, a fuel cell including the electrolyte membrane, a method for preparing the antioxidant, a method for producing the electrolyte membrane, and a method for fabricating the fuel cell.

Ionic cyclic nitroxyl radical oligomers, methods of making the ionic cyclic nitroxyl radical oligomers, and electrochemical cells, such as aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) that use the ionic nitroxyl radical oligomers as catholytes are provided. The oligomers are larger than individual cyclic nitroxyl radical molecules, but maintain a high density nitroxyl radical groups within the molecule. As a result, when the oligomers are used as catholytes in an AORFB, they are able to reduce catholyte permeation through the ion-conducting membrane, while providing a high volumetric capacity and cycling stability.

To provide an all-solid-state battery that makes it possible to suppress short-circuiting due to a partially missing resin layer of a housing, in the all-solid-state battery formed of sealing an electrode structure in the housing, the housing is provided with a metal layer, the electrode structure includes an electrode stack and an outermost solid electrolyte layer, the electrode stack includes an outermost first current collector layer, the area of the outermost solid electrolyte layer is larger than the area of a flat plate part of the outermost first current collector layer in the stacking direction view, and the outermost solid electrolyte layer is stacked so as to entirely cover the flat plate part of the outermost first current collector layer.

A solid-state battery includes: a first current collector layer; a first current collector tab protruding from an edge of the first current collector layer; a first active material layer laminated on the first current collector layer; a second current collector layer; a second current collector tab protruding from an edge of the second current collector layer; a second active material layer laminated on the second current collector layer; and a solid electrolyte layer arranged between the first active material layer and the second active material layer and including a polymer electrolyte, wherein the solid electrolyte layer is arranged so as to cover end surfaces of the first current collector layer and the first active material layer, and the first current collector tab protrudes through the solid electrolyte layer.