Provided are examples of circularly polarized omni-directional antennas and methods of fabrication. In one aspect, an antenna comprises a central radiating element including a vertical center axis. The antenna further comprises a plurality of conducting elements surrounding the central radiating element. The plurality of conducting elements are curved about a circular circumference about the center axis and spaced equidistantly about the circular circumference. The central radiating element may be a sleeved dipole type. The plurality of conducting elements is configured to include an angle of tilt between 22 degrees and 68 degrees from horizontal. The plurality of conducting elements is located within a printed circuit board that is wrapped around the circumference around the center axis. Each conducting element of the plurality of conducting elements comprises a metallic wire.

Provided are examples of circularly polarized omni-directional antennas and methods of fabrication. In one aspect, an antenna comprises a central radiating element including a vertical center axis. The antenna further comprises a plurality of conducting elements surrounding the central radiating element. The plurality of conducting elements are curved about a circular circumference about the center axis and spaced equidistantly about the circular circumference. The central radiating element may be a sleeved dipole type. The plurality of conducting elements is configured to include an angle of tilt between 22 degrees and 68 degrees from horizontal. The plurality of conducting elements is located within a printed circuit board that is wrapped around the circumference around the center axis. Each conducting element of the plurality of conducting elements comprises a metallic wire.

A phased array of electrolytic fluid antennas comprising: a center conduit filled with electrolytic fluid; a current probe having a central hole therein, wherein the center conduit is disposed within the central hole; and a plurality of electrolytic fluid antennas composed of free-standing streams of electrolytic fluid circularly-distributed about the center conduit, wherein each electrolytic fluid antenna is fluidically coupled to the center conduit by a fluid transmission line of a desired length, and wherein each electrolytic fluid antenna is configured to turn on or off in real time to change the characteristics of the phased array.

A phased array antenna comprising: a center conduit filled with electrolytic fluid; a current probe having a central hole therein, wherein the center conduit is disposed within the central hole; and two electrolytic fluid antennas positioned parallel to the center conduit and fluidically coupled to the electrolytic fluid in the center conduit so as to form a field-goal-shaped phased array antenna such that the current probe feeds the electrolytic fluid antennas through magnetic induction.

An antenna system for wireless communications and other wireless applications is disclosed. In one particular embodiment, the antenna system may comprise a frame with at least three facets and an antenna element mounted on each of the at least three facets, wherein each of the antenna elements are electromagnetically isolated from each other.

An antenna structure includes a dielectric substrate, a first radiation element, a second radiation element, a third radiation element, a fourth radiation element, a fifth radiation element, and a sixth radiation element. The dielectric substrate has an upper surface and a lower surface. The first radiation element, the second radiation element, the fourth radiation element, and the fifth radiation element are disposed on the upper surface of the dielectric substrate. The third radiation element and the sixth radiation element are disposed on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate. A positive feeding point is positioned at an end of the first radiation element. A negative feeding point is positioned at an end of the fourth radiation element. The third radiation element couples the first radiation element to the second radiation element. The sixth radiation element couples the fourth radiation element to the fifth radiation element.

A method for X2 interface communication is disclosed, comprising: at an X2 gateway for communicating with, and coupled to, a first and a second radio access network (RAN), receiving messages from the first RAN according to a first X2 protocol and mapping the received messages to a second X2 protocol for transmission to the second RAN; maintaining state of one of the first RAN or the second RAN at the X2 gateway; executing executable code received at an interpreter at the X2 gateway as part of the received messages; altering the maintained state based on the executed executable code; and receiving and decoding an initial X2 message from the first RAN; identifying specific strings in the initial X2 message; matching the identified specific strings in a database of stored scripts; and performing a transformation on the initial X2 message, the transformation being retrieved from the database for stored scripts, the stored scripts being transformations.

An antenna array for use in a passenger vehicle. Four of the roof support pillars are used as antenna elements. Each of the four pillars is electrically connected or coupled to one end of a corresponding meanderline component. The other end of each meanderline is in turn coupled to a radio receiver, typically through a combining network.

A direction finding antenna array comprises at least a first dipole antenna element 14, a second dipole antenna element 16 and a third dipole antenna element 18. The dipole elements comprise respective first ends 14.1, 16.1, 18.1, respective second ends 14.2, 16.2, 18.2 and a respective feed-point 14.3, 16.3, 18.3. The first, second and third dipole elements are arranged in spaced relationship relative to one another in a non-linear pattern. In respect of each dipole element in the array (and taking dipole element 14 as an example), the first end 14.1 is connected by first and second electrical connections 24, 26 to the first end of each of two adjacent dipole elements 16, 18 in the array and the second end 14.2 is connected by third and fourth electrical connections 28, 30 to the second end of each of the two adjacent dipole elements 16, 18.

A gateway for X2 interface communication is disclosed, comprising: an X2 internal interface for communicating with, and coupled to, a first and a second radio access network (RAN); an X2 language processing module for receiving messages from the first RAN according to a first X2 protocol and mapping the received messages to a second X2 protocol for transmission to the second RAN; and an X2 external interface for communicating with, and coupled to, a gateway in a wireless telecommunications core network. The gateway may further comprise a database for storing a plurality of rules for performing mapping at the X2 language processing module, and a state machine for maintaining state of one of the first RAN or the second RAN, and an interpreter for executing executable code received as part of the received messages and altering the state machine based on the executed executable code, and a regular expression pattern matcher for identifying patterns in the received messages that are present in the first X2 protocol but not present in the second X2 protocol.