In an antenna module on one printed circuit board, a first area where a plurality of antenna elements are positioned on a first surface, and a second area where a plurality of front end integrated circuits are independently positioned on a second surface, the opposite surface of the first surface, are provided, and a wire is provided in the second area to electrically couple some ports of a plurality of ports provided in a first front end integrated circuit to some ports of a plurality of ports provided in a second front end integrated circuit. The some ports provided in the first front end integrated circuit include a first port configured to output a first intermediate frequency signal, and a second port configured to input a second intermediate frequency signal.

A first circuit includes at least one bridge, where input ends of the at least one bridge are coupled to digital channels in N analog networks, to perform digital weighting and analog on a received electrical signal; a second circuit includes at least one bridge, where output ends of the at least one bridge are coupled to M antennas, to perform digital weighting and analog on a received electrical signal; and a connection circuit includes at least one power splitter.

Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose an antenna array applied to an optical phased array, the optical phased array, and a LiDAR. The antenna array includes N phase compensation groups and N antenna groups, where each phase compensation group includes M phase compensation units, and each antenna group includes M antenna units, and where N and M are positive integers. An input end of a phase compensation unit in the phase compensation group is configured to receive an optical signal. An output end is connected to an antenna unit in the antenna group, is configured to transmit the received optical signal to the antenna unit, and performs phase compensation on the optical signal based on a phase shift caused by the antenna unit. The antenna unit is configured to transmit the optical signal.

An array antenna capable of steering a beam in a first communication node of a wireless communication system may comprise: a plurality of single antennas each capable of variably adjusting a beam steering direction; a plurality of beamforming control units each of which is connected to each of the plurality of single antennas to control a beamforming operation of each of the plurality of single antennas; and an array antenna control unit connected to the plurality of beamforming control units to control a beamforming operation of the entire array antenna, wherein the plurality of single antennas are arranged in a cylindrical shape and are installed to face a direction opposite to a central direction of the cylinder shape, and the array antenna is configured to steer a beam to a predetermined area around the first communication node through at least one single antenna among the plurality of single antennas.

An MIMO training method including performing transmission sector sweeping using an initiator including a plurality of transmitting antennas, selecting a set of at least one transmission sector for each of the transmitting antennas using a responder including a plurality of receiving antennas; performing reception sector sweeping using the initiator, selecting a set of at least one reception sector for each of the plurality of receiving antennas using the responder, performing beam combination training using the initiator; and selecting a determined number of sector pairs consisting of a transmission sector and a reception sector from among the selected set of transmission sectors and the selected set of reception sectors using the responder, wherein the transmitting antennas in the selected sector pairs differ from one another, and the receiving antennas in the selected sector pairs differ from one another.

A reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RAA) system includes a reconfigurable RAA and a controller. The RAA includes a metasurface having a dynamically tunable electromagnetic characteristic and is configured to receive a signal of opportunity. The signal of opportunity is generated separately and independently from the reconfigurable RAA system. The controller is in signal communication with the reconfigurable RAA and is configured to generate a control signal configured to dynamically tune the electromagnetic characteristic of the metasurface. The electromagnetic characteristic includes a reflection phase, which when varied, dynamically beam steers the signal of opportunity reflected from the metasurface.

A Fresnel phase lens for a 5G antenna is described herein. The Fresnel phase lens includes a glass-ceramic material having a first major surface and a second major surface. The first major surface and the second major surface define a thickness therebetween, and the first major surface defines a plane. The glass-ceramic material includes a first plurality rings having first ring surfaces in the plane and a second plurality of rings having second ring surfaces at a first depth into the thickness and below the plane. The glass ceramic material is transparent to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency of from 20 GHz to 100 GHz.

An antenna arrangement comprising an antenna feeding network, an electrically conductive reflector and at least one radiating element arranged on said reflector is provided. The radiating element a first part made of a first metallic material and a second part being provided in the lower part of the radiating element for connecting the radiating element to the reflector; wherein the second part is made of a second metallic material being different than the first metallic material. There is also provided a radiating element and a method of manufacturing the radiating element.

A system includes a base station. The base station includes: a laser assembly that transmits an optical control beam to a phased array antenna external to and remote from the base station; and a radio frequency (RF) transceiver that transmits a radio signal to the phased array antenna. The phased array antenna deflects the radio signal arriving at the phased array antenna in a particular direction indicated by the optical control beam. The particular direction of the deflected radio signal is toward a particular user device.

A Fresnel phase lens for a 5G antenna is described herein. The Fresnel phase lens includes a glass-ceramic material having a first major surface and a second major surface. The first major surface and the second major surface define a thickness therebetween, and the first major surface defines a plane. The glass-ceramic material includes a first plurality rings having first ring surfaces in the plane and a second plurality of rings having second ring surfaces at a first depth into the thickness and below the plane. The glass ceramic material is transparent to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency of from 20 GHz to 100 GHz.