In an embodiment, an antenna unit for an antenna array allows shifting the phase of a radiated or received signal without the need for a phase shifter, and includes an antenna element, switching devices, and signal couplers. The antenna element includes at least one section and signal ports each electrically isolated from each other and from each of the at least one section. The switching devices are each configured to couple a respective one of the signal ports to one of the at least one section in response to a respective control signal, and the signal couplers are each configured to couple a respective one of the signal ports to a respective location of a respective transmission medium.

A system for EMNZ metamaterial-based direct antenna modulation. The system includes a signal generator, a metamaterial switch and an antenna. The signal generator may is configured to generate a microwave signal. The metamaterial switch is configured to generate a modulated microwave signal from the microwave signal. The modulated microwave signal is generated by selectively passing the microwave signal through the metamaterial switch. The metamaterial switch includes a first conductive plate and a first loaded conductive plate. The first loaded conductive plate includes a second conductive plate and a first monolayer graphene. The first monolayer graphene includes a first tunable conductivity. The first monolayer graphene is positioned between the first conductive plate and the second conductive plate. An effective permittivity of the metamaterial switch is configured to be adjusted to a predetermined value. The effective permittivity of the metamaterial switch is adjusted responsive to tuning the first tunable conductivity.

A tunable dielectric metamaterial device for radar sensing comprises at least one metamaterial layer a plurality of electrically conductive electrodes and a plurality of electrically conductive control lines. The metamaterial layer includes a plurality of dielectric resonators comprising tunable material, wherein at least one electromagnetic property of the tunable material varies with an externally controllable electric field applied to it. Two distinct electrically conductive electrodes each are arranged in a spaced manner at any one of the dielectric resonators to cover the dielectric resonator. The electrically conductive control lines are configured for controlling the electric field to be applied to the tunable material, wherein each electrically conductive line is electrically connected to an electrically conductive electrode. For at least two dielectric resonators, the electrically conductive electrodes that are arranged in the same layer to cover the at least two dielectric resonators are distinct from each other.

A radar system having multiple layers and a radiating array of elements, wherein signals are presented to the elements as they propagate through a slotted wave guide.

A method and apparatus for using Euclidean modulation in an antenna are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method for controlling an antenna comprises mapping a desired modulation to achievable modulation states, mapping modulation values associated with the achievable modulation states to one or more control parameters, and controlling radio frequency (RF) radiating antenna elements using the one or more control parameters to perform beam forming.

Monitoring and compensating for environmental and other conditions affecting antenna elements of an antenna is described. The conditions may affect radio frequency (RF) liquid crystal of the antenna elements. In one embodiment, the antenna comprises a physical antenna aperture having an array of surface scattering antenna elements that are controlled and operable together to form a beam for the frequency band for use in holographic beam steering and a compensation controller to perform compensation on the antenna elements based on monitored antenna conditions.

A tunable, optical metasurface can include an optically reflective surface to reflect optical radiation, such as infrared laser light. An array of optical resonant antennas may, for example, extend from or otherwise be positioned on the reflective surface with sub-wavelength spacings of, for example, less than one-half of a wavelength. Voltage-controlled liquid crystal may be positioned in the optical field region of each of the optical resonant antennas. A controller may apply a voltage differential bias pattern to the liquid crystal of optical resonant antennas, that may be arranged in tiled, interleaved, or randomly arranged subsets of optical resonant antennas to attain one-dimensional beam steering, two-dimensional beam steering, and/or spatial beam shaping.

An electromagnetic wave adjusting device includes a first substrate, a first conductive element, a first insulation layer, a second substrate, a second conductive element, a dielectric layer, and a conductive layer. The first conductive element is disposed on the first substrate. The first insulation layer is disposed on the first conductive element. The second conductive element is disposed on the second substrate. The dielectric layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The first conductive layer is disposed on the first insulation layer and electrically connected to the first conductive element. The electromagnetic wave adjusting device includes an overlap area and a capacitance adjustable area. An overlap portion of the first conductive element and the second conductive element constitutes the overlap area, the capacitance adjustable area includes the overlap area, and at least part of the first conductive layer is disposed in the capacitance adjustable area.

The disclosure provides an electromagnetic wave adjusting device, including a first substrate, a first conductive element, a second substrate, a second conductive element, and a dielectric layer. The first conductive element is disposed on the first substrate. The second substrate is opposite to the first substrate. The second conductive element is disposed on the second substrate and faces the first substrate, in which the first conductive element has an overlapping region which overlaps the second conductive element. The dielectric layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The electromagnetic wave adjusting device includes a working region and a non-working region. The working region includes the overlapping region. The non-working region is disposed outside the working region. A first region in the non-working region and a second region in the working region have the same film-layer stack structure.

Systems and methods are described herein for an optical beam-steering device that includes an optical transmitter and/or receiver to transmit and/or receive optical radiation from an optically reflective surface. An array of adjustable dielectric resonator elements is arranged on the surface with inter-element spacings less than an optical operating wavelength. A controller applies a pattern of voltage differentials to the adjustable dielectric resonator elements. The pattern of voltage differentials corresponds to a sub-wavelength reflection phase pattern for reflecting the optical electromagnetic radiation. One embodiment of a dielectric resonator element includes first and second dielectric members extending from the surface. The dielectric resonator elements are spaced from one another to form a gap or channel therebetween. A voltage-controlled adjustable refractive index material is disposed within the gap.