A tightly coupled dipole array is an egg-crate configuration defined by a plurality of electrically connected antenna unit cells. At least one of the unit cells utilizes a short or conductive element that shorts the common mode resonance. Shorting the common mode resonance in an intentional manner removes instances of the common mode resonance. To achieve the shorting of the common mode resonance, a conductive element is connected with one of the dipole arms and connected to the outer conductor of the feed or a ground plane. This creates a grounding loop that pushes the resonance out of the band of interest.

A multiband antenna, having a reflector, and a first array of first radiating elements having a first operational frequency band, the first radiating elements being a plurality of dipole arms, each dipole arm including a plurality of conductive segments coupled in series by a plurality of inductive elements; and a second array of second radiating elements having a second operational frequency band, wherein the plurality of conductive segments each have a length less than one-half wavelength at the second operational frequency band.

An electronic device having an antenna according to an embodiment is provided. The electronic device may include a radiator configured by stacking metal patterns on different layers of a multi-layer substrate, and a ground layer arranged on the different layers of the multi-layer substrate and operating as ground for the radiator. At least some of the metal patterns may be vertically interconnected, and any one of the metal patterns may be connected to a feeding pattern.

Core annular flow is used to enable the subcutaneous delivery of a viscous fluid such as a protein therapeutic formulation. The high-viscosity fluid is surrounded by a low-viscosity fluid, and the low-viscosity fluid lubricates the passage of the high-viscosity fluid. This allows the use of protein formulations that have a higher concentration and a higher viscosity at comparatively reduced injection forces and reduced injection times. Several different embodiments of injection devices that provide core annular flow are described herein.

A full-duplex 2×2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array is provided. An antenna reflector defining an x-y plane provides a plurality of antenna elements on the reflector. The linear polarization elements of the antenna elements are arrange in orthogonal polarizations for each transmit and receive pair. The elements are aligned in the same direction for half the orthogonal pair. A pair of elements are aligned along an axis to provide two coupled phase offset signals at a third element. The third element is collinear to the element of the first element defining a line of symmetry and parallel the direction of the element of the second element. The antenna array provides improved isolation between orthogonal ports and between transmit and receive ports by providing coupled signal cancelling between ports. This technique also increases boresight radiated pattern gain, as an additional benefit.

An integrated base station antenna comprises a passive antenna and an active antenna installed behind the passive antenna. The active antenna comprises a reflecting plate and an array of radiating elements extending forward from the reflecting plate. The passive antenna includes an array of metal tuning elements that tune the array of radiating elements, where the array of metal tuning elements us positioned in front of the array of radiating elements of the active antenna, and where a longitudinal axis of at least some of the metal tuning elements extend at an angle between 70° and 110° with respect to a plane defined by the reflecting plate.

The application discloses a wideband dual-polarized antenna, including a reflective plate and a radiating element mounted on the reflective plate. The radiating element includes four dipoles which are combined together to be arranged on the reflective plate; two arms of each dipole are respectively connected to top ends of two conductor, and bottom ends of the conductor are connected to a common base and are placed on the reflective plate; a focusing member with a conical structure is mounted above the radiating element, and includes conductive members and dielectric members. The conductive members are arranged on the dielectric members in an axisymmetrical manner, are supported by the dielectric members and are arranged above the dipoles. The beamwidth is adjusted by arranging the focusing member with the conical structure above the radiating element so that the wideband dual-polarized antenna has the beamwidth reaching the desired range, has lower cross polarization ratio.

Systems and methods for providing a broadband antenna are provided. The antenna can include a current sheet array having a plurality of elements. Each of the elements includes dipole arms. The dipole arms can be configured as first and second dipole arm pairs for transmitting or receiving signals of different polarizations. Capacitive structures are provided between adjacent branch portions of the dipole arms. The capacitive structures extend from a first side of a substrate on which the dipole arms are located towards a second side of the substrate.

A method for ground to air communication includes receiving a first pilot signal on a first wide beam from a first ground base station by a first antenna element covering a first range of azimuth angles from an aircraft. Data is received on a directed data beam from the first ground base station by the first antenna element. A second pilot signal is received on a second wide beam from a second ground base station by a second antenna element covering a second range of azimuth angles different than the first range of azimuth angles. A signal strength of the second pilot signal is compared with a signal strength of the first pilot signal. Data reception is switched from the first antenna element to the second antenna element if the signal strength of the second pilot signal is greater than the signal strength of the first pilot signal.

An antenna element for a multi-band antenna device includes a dielectric body provided with one or more metal layers. The dielectric body includes a base plate and one or more wall elements arranged on the base plate. One or more first radiating elements and one or more second radiating elements are arranged on the base plate, and are configured to radiate in a first and a second frequency band, respectively. A first feeding network is connected to the first radiating elements and a second feeding network is connected to the second radiating elements, for operating the first and second radiating elements as a first and second antenna array, respectively. The first feeding network is provided, at least partly, as a metal layer of the one or more metal layers on the one or more wall elements.