An article of manufacture provides a compact assembly of power amplifiers in series and in parallel. A plurality of radial power splitters and radial power combiners couple surface mounted power amplifier dice into a power platter. Thermal conduction probes chained through the power platters remove heat from the vicinity of the power amplifier dice. Surface mounted power amplifier dice may be enclosed within a matched pair of power platters. Stackable power platters may be assembled to form a 3D power amplifier pile.

A voltage follower circuit includes a first MOS transistor which has a source connected to an input port, a second MOS transistor which has a source connected to an output port and has a gate and a drain connected to a gate of the first MOS transistor, a first constant current source connected between a drain of the first MOS transistor and a second power supply terminal, a second constant current source connected between the drain of the second MOS transistor and the second power supply terminal, and a depletion type third MOS transistor which has a gate connected to the drain of the first MOS transistor, has a drain connected to a first power supply terminal, and has a source connected to the output port.

A voltage follower circuit includes a first MOS transistor which has a source connected to an input port, a second MOS transistor which has a source connected to an output port and has a gate and a drain connected to a gate of the first MOS transistor, a first constant current source connected between a drain of the first MOS transistor and a second power supply terminal, a second constant current source connected between the drain of the second MOS transistor and the second power supply terminal, and a depletion type third MOS transistor which has a gate connected to the drain of the first MOS transistor, has a drain connected to a first power supply terminal, and has a source connected to the output port.

A circuit for generation of a reference voltage for an electronic system, which circuit comprises at least one digital buffer (U21, U31, U32, U41, U51), a low pass filter (R21, C21; R31, C31; R41, C41; R51, C51) and an operational amplifier (OA21, OA31, OA41, OA51)), which circuit is adapted to revive an input in the form of a bandgap reference voltage into the digital buffer, which digital buffer is adapted to receive a digital input from a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal, which digital buffer is adapted to generate an output signal adapted to be fed to the low pass filter, which output signal after filtration is adapted to be fed to a positive input terminal of the operational amplifier, which operational amplifier comprises a feedback circuit, which feedback circuit comprises at least one capacitor (C22, C32, C44, C54) adapted to be connected from an output terminal of the operational amplifier towards a negative input terminal of the operational amplifier so as to form an integrator, wherein the feedback circuit further comprises at least one chopped signal path (R22, S21; R33, R34, S32; R33, R35, C35, S31), which chopped signal is adapted to be modulated by the output signal of the digital buffer.

A circuit for generation of a reference voltage for an electronic system, which circuit comprises at least one digital buffer (U21, U31, U32, U41, U51), a low pass filter (R21, C21; R31, C31; R41, C41; R51, C51) and an operational amplifier (OA21, OA31, OA41, OA51)), which circuit is adapted to revive an input in the form of a bandgap reference voltage into the digital buffer, which digital buffer is adapted to receive a digital input from a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal, which digital buffer is adapted to generate an output signal adapted to be fed to the low pass filter, which output signal after filtration is adapted to be fed to a positive input terminal of the operational amplifier, which operational amplifier comprises a feedback circuit, which feedback circuit comprises at least one capacitor (C22, C32, C44, C54) adapted to be connected from an output terminal of the operational amplifier towards a negative input terminal of the operational amplifier so as to form an integrator, wherein the feedback circuit further comprises at least one chopped signal path (R22, S21; R33, R34, S32; R33, R35, C35, S31), which chopped signal is adapted to be modulated by the output signal of the digital buffer.

One or more systems, devices and/or methods of use provided herein relate to a baseband filter that can be used in a current-mode end-to-end signal path. The current-mode end-to-end signal path can include a digital to analog converter (DAC) operating in current-mode and an upconverting mixer, operating in current-mode and operatively coupled to the DAC. In one or more embodiments, a device used in the signal path can comprise a baseband filter that receives an input current and outputs an output current. The baseband filter can comprise a feedback loop component having an active circuit branch and a passive circuit branch coupled in a loop. A mirroring device can be coupled to the feedback loop component and can provide an output of the device. Selectively activating the mirroring device can vary gain, such as of the mirroring device.

A rail-to-rail potentiostat may require an offset current in order to support a bidirectional work electrode current at a work electrode. This offset current may improve measurements of the work electrode current made a dual-slope analog-to-digital converter, especially when the work electrode current is small, but can also lead to inaccuracies (e.g., due to a temperature coefficient) if it is not properly calibrated. Accordingly, bidirectional potentiostat is disclosed that can be configured in a normal configuration for measurement of a work electrode current or a calibration configuration for measurement (i.e., calibration) of an offset current. The reconfigurability allows calibrations to be taken as needed, on a schedule, or as specified by a user. The reconfigurability can also allow for maintaining a work electrode voltage and a work electrode current during calibration so that an electrochemical experiment using a cell coupled to the bidirectional potentiostat is unaffected by the calibration.

A rail-to-rail potentiostat may require an offset current in order to support a bidirectional work electrode current at a work electrode. This offset current may improve measurements of the work electrode current made a dual-slope analog-to-digital converter, especially when the work electrode current is small, but can also lead to inaccuracies (e.g., due to a temperature coefficient) if it is not properly calibrated. Accordingly, bidirectional potentiostat is disclosed that can be configured in a normal configuration for measurement of a work electrode current or a calibration configuration for measurement (i.e., calibration) of an offset current. The reconfigurability allows calibrations to be taken as needed, on a schedule, or as specified by a user. The reconfigurability can also allow for maintaining a work electrode voltage and a work electrode current during calibration so that an electrochemical experiment using a cell coupled to the bidirectional potentiostat is unaffected by the calibration.