Embodiments of the present disclosure include a method for designing the transfer function of efficient recursive FIR digital filters. The method is based on the cancellation of the poles of the transfer function of a multi-resonator sub-filter by zeros of the transfer function of a muti-stopper sub-filter. A compensator sub-filter can be applied for band shaping, is the method may be used to design low-pass, high-pass and band-pass filters, among other types. The FIR filters can be designed to have either a linear phase or a very nearly linear phase response. IIR filters with a nonlinear phase response can also be designed by the method of this invention. The method may additionally describe a digital circuit for the implementation of the transfer function of the invention.

The disclosed electrosurgical systems and methods accurately determine the power actually applied to a load by using equalizers to calibrate the power measurements. The electrosurgical systems include an electrosurgical generator and an electrosurgical instrument coupled to the electrosurgical generator through an electrosurgical cable. The electrosurgical generator includes an electrical energy source, voltage and current detectors, equalizers that estimate the voltage and current applied to a load, and a power calculation unit that calculates estimated power based upon the estimated voltage and current. The methods of calibrating an electrosurgical generator involve applying a resistive element across output terminals of the electrosurgical generator, applying a test signal to the resistive element, measuring the magnitude and phase angle of voltage and current components of the test signal within the electrosurgical generator, estimating the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage and current at the resistive element using equalizers, and determining gain correction factors and minimum phase angles for the equalizers.

The data recovery from sub-carriers (DRSC) of a received OFDM signal, contributes a method and a circuit for utilizing parameters of OFDM sub-carriers comprised in the received OFDM signal or subspaces comprising the OFDM sub-carriers for recovering transmitted data symbols from the received OFDM signal affected by deterministic and random distortions introduced by a transmission link.

This application presents an adaptive data recovery from distorted signals (ADRDS) of original data symbols from intervals or parameters of tone signals derived from a received OFDM signal, including responding to dynamic distortions introduced to the received OFDM signal by an OFDM transmission channel. Such ADRDS is implemented by converting back the derived intervals or parameters into original data symbols corresponding to distinctive sets of the intervals or parameters which the derived intervals or parameters belong to.

The data recovery from gradients (DRG) of sub-carriers of a received OFDM signal affected by deterministic and random distortions introduced by a transmission link, contributes a method and a system for utilizing gradients characterizing shapes of OFDM sub-carriers comprised in such OFDM signal for recovering data symbols transmitted originally.

This application presents an adaptive data recovery (ADR) of original data symbols from intervals or parameters of tone signals derived from a received OFDM signal, conducted without compensating distortions or noise introduced to the received OFDM signal by an OFDM transmission channel. Such ADR is implemented by converting back the derived intervals or parameters into original data symbols corresponding to distinctive sets of the intervals or parameters which the derived intervals or parameters belong to.