Various voting systems are disclosed that include a voting device configured to: provide a user interface that presents one or more voting choices for each of one or more contests and enables a voter to select one or more of the voting choices for each of the one or more contests; create a bitmap comprising a plurality of bit cells each of which corresponds to one of the voting choices of one of the contests, wherein each of the bit cells stores a binary digit that indicates whether the voter selected the voting choice corresponding to the bit cell; convert the binary digits stored in the bitmap to a compressed string of characters; generate one or more selection barcodes that encode the compressed string of characters; and print the one or more selection barcodes on a paper medium to create a paper ballot. The voting systems also include a ballot tabulation device configured to: read the one or more selection barcodes printed on the paper ballot to decode the compressed string of characters; convert the compressed string of characters to binary digits; analyze the binary digits to determine the selected voting choices; and store the selected voting choices in a cast vote record for the paper ballot. Various voting methods that utilize encoding schemas for compressing voting selection data are also disclosed.

A data processing method is disclosed, and the method includes: receiving, by an encoding end, a to-be-encoded data block; obtaining, by the encoding end, a first mother code element for each first indication element in a first indication sequence based on an association relationship in which S=Q+B*N0 when B>0, and S=Q when B=0; and placing the first mother code element at a location of the first indication element in the first indication sequence to obtain a first mother code sequence.

Disclosed in some examples are methods, systems, devices, and machine-readable mediums which optimize one or more metrics of a communication system by intentionally changing symbols in a bitstream after encoding by an error correction coder, but prior to transmission. The symbols may be changed to meet a communication metric optimization goal, such as decreasing a high PAPR, reducing an error rate, reducing an average power level (to save battery), or altering some other communication metric. The symbol that is intentionally changed is then detected by the receiver as an error and corrected by the receiver utilizing the error correction coding.

Disclosed in some examples are methods, systems, devices, and machine-readable mediums which optimize one or more metrics of a communication system by intentionally changing symbols in a bitstream after encoding by an error correction coder, but prior to transmission. The symbols may be changed to meet a communication metric optimization goal, such as decreasing a high PAPR, reducing an error rate, reducing an average power level (to save battery), or altering some other communication metric. The symbol that is intentionally changed is then detected by the receiver as an error and corrected by the receiver utilizing the error correction coding.

Embodiments of this application disclose a polar coding method, apparatus, and device, so as to reduce storage overheads of a system. A sequence for polar coding is obtained based on a length M of a target polar code, wherein the sequence comprises L sequence numbers, ordering of the L sequence numbers in the sequence is the same as ordering of the L sequence numbers in a maximum mother code sequence, wherein the maximum mother code sequence is obtained by sorting N sequence numbers of N polarized channels in ascending order or descending order of reliability metrics, wherein L and N are integer power of 2, M is smaller than or equal to L, L is smaller than or equal to N.

Embodiments of this application disclose a polar coding method, apparatus, and device, so as to reduce storage overheads of a system. A sequence for polar coding is obtained based on a length M of a target polar code, wherein the sequence comprises L sequence numbers, ordering of the L sequence numbers in the sequence is the same as ordering of the L sequence numbers in a maximum mother code sequence, wherein the maximum mother code sequence is obtained by sorting N sequence numbers of N polarized channels in ascending order or descending order of reliability metrics, wherein L and N are integer power of 2, M is smaller than or equal to L, L is smaller than or equal to N.

Methods and apparatuses for HARQ in a non-terrestrial network are disclosed. An operation method of a first node may comprise receiving a transport block (TB) from a second node; classifying total soft bits for the TB into information values and sign values; configuring the information values of the total soft bits into one or more subsets; performing a compression operation on each of the one or more subsets; and performing a compression operation on the sign values. Therefore, performance of the communication system can be improved.

Examples described herein relate to allocation of power to engines and a surplus power available for use by one or more engines. A power management controller reserves power for one or more processors of the offload engine and provides a surplus power level. Based on a request for a workload performance by the first processor, the power management controller provides power to a processor based on the reserved power for the processor. Allocation of the surplus power can be made based on a priority of a workload relative to other workloads.

A split decoder apparatus in a communication system provides reliable transfer of a transmitted message from a source to a destination. A channel encoder encodes the transmitted message into a transmitted codeword from a channel code and transmits the transmitted codeword over a channel. The channel produces a channel output in response to the transmitted codeword. In the split decoder apparatus, a decode client receives the channel output and generates a compressed error information, and a decode server receives the compressed error information and generates a compressed error estimate. The decode client receives the compressed error estimate and generates a message estimate. Communication complexity between the decode client and the decode server is reduced. The split decoder apparatus optionally generates a no-errors signal from the channel output, where the decode server is not activated if the no-errors signal indicates that the hard decisions correspond to a valid transmitted codeword.

A data processing method is disclosed, and the method includes: receiving, by an encoding end, a to-be-encoded data block; obtaining, by the encoding end, a first mother code element for each first indication element in a first indication sequence based on an association relationship in which S=Q+B*N0 when B>0, and S=Q when B=0; and placing the first mother code element at a location of the first indication element in the first indication sequence to obtain a first mother code sequence.