An apparatus includes at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: train a machine learning model to learn a configuration matrix that defines a reconfigurable intelligent surface; configure the reconfigurable intelligent surface for channel estimation during runtime, using the learned configuration matrix; perform channel estimation on an uplink channel using the reconfigurable intelligent surface; and reconfigure the reconfigurable intelligent surface after the channel estimation to improve coverage within the uplink channel.

Disclosed are techniques for wireless communication. Aspects of the disclosure are directed to a radio frequency sensing (RF-S) coverage map based on RF-S coverage areas associated with multiple RF-S nodes. Other aspects of the disclosure are directed to grouping of RF-S nodes, where one or more of the grouped RF-S nodes include non-gNB RF-S nodes.

A reconfigurable intelligent surface is disclosed. The reconfigurable intelligent surface includes a moveable metallic ground plane and piezoelectric actuators that are connected to the moveable metallic ground plane. Applying a voltage to the piezoelectric actuators causes the piezoelectric actuators to move the moveable metallic ground plane, which results in a change in a thickness of an air cavity formed in the reconfigurable intelligent surface. This allows a signal to be reflected to be steered in a continuous manner by changing the thickness of the air cavity. The reconfigurable intelligent surface may be a panel that includes multiple cells arranged to reflect and steer an incident signal.

A reconfigurable intelligent surface is disclosed. The reconfigurable intelligent surface includes a ferroelectric layer. Applying a voltage to the ferroelectric layer changes the dielectric constant of the reconfigurable intelligent surface. This allows a signal to be reflected to be steered in a continuous manner by changing the voltage. The reconfigurable intelligent surface may be a panel that includes multiple cells arranged to reflect and steer an incident signal.

A reconfigurable intelligent surface is disclosed. The reconfigurable intelligent surface includes unit cells that include banks of capacitors that are integrated into the structure of the surface. The banks of capacitors provide bias isolation and reconfigurable impedance matching. The configurability of the capacitance can impact the reactance and allow for operation over a wider range of frequencies.

A reconfigurable intelligent surface is disclosed. The reconfigurable intelligent surface includes a switch layer that can transition to a metallic state from an insulator state and to the insulator state from the metallic state based on its temperature. A voltage is applied to the switch layer to control the temperature and control the state of the switch layer. Controlling the state of the switch layer allows the reconfigurable intelligent surface to operate in a transmission mode when the switch layer is in the insulator state and a reflection mode when the switch layer is in the metallic state.

Disclosed is a digital twin-based deduction and optimization method and system for an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) communication system, including: collecting data from a scenario, including relevant data of an IRS physical model and real channel data; performing real-time data transmission on the collected data; establishing a digital twin three-dimensional (3D) model in a digital twin space based on the data after the real-time data transmission; establishing an IRS reflection mechanism model before fusing with the digital twin 3D model, the generalized Snell Equation being used to simplify a complex system in the IRS reflection mechanism model; deducing and optimizing the IRS communication system to obtain an optimization strategy; and feeding the optimization strategy back to the real world to realize the deduction and optimization of the IRS communication system.

This disclosure relates generally to a composite reconfigurable intelligent surface system for real time beam steering and method thereof. Conventional method for real time beam steering includes bulky systems with several antenna elements and amplifiers to shape and control the beam. The present disclosure provides a composite reconfigurable intelligent surface (CRIS) for real time beam steering. The CRIS is formed from a set of constituent reflecting surfaces which in turn are generated from unit cells. These unit cells are responsible for providing individual phase reflection performance utilizing the installed varactor diode in each unit cell. The CRIS can provide a) multi-beam reflection performance, b) polarization sensitive operation, c) 2D beam steering abilities, d) real-time beam control, e) null point reduction for beam shaping requirements and f) dependable pattern stability over a suitable range of frequencies.

The present disclosure provides a frequency selective reflector reflecting electromagnetic waves in a particular frequency band to a direction different from a regular reflection direction, the frequency selective reflector including a plurality of regions and a function of adjusting a reflected beam profile.

A reflective device includes a control element and a reflective surface. The reflective surface includes a plurality of reflective elements, where each reflective element of the plurality of reflective elements has an antenna element and a phase shifter and is under control of the control element so as to reflect a radio-frequency (RF) signal incident on the reflective surface with an adjustable phase shift. An operating frequency of the reflective surface is configurable by at least a subset of the plurality of reflective elements being divided into a number of sub-elements that are individually switched via the control element from an activated state, in which a respective sub-element contributes to the reflection of the incident RF signal, to a deactivated state, in which the respective sub-element does not contribute to the reflection of the incident RF signal, and vice-versa.