An electrode structure includes: a metal film with an opening formed in a part of the metal film; and a transparent conductive film disposed in the opening, wherein the transparent conductive film is electronically connected to an element and overlaps with the element as viewed in a plan view in a thickness direction of the transparent conductive film.

A wavelength tunable bidirectional optical wireless communication system based on self-injection lock includes one optical node and multiple optical terminals, wherein the optical node consists of a tunable filter and a self-injection lock system to replace the conventional optical amplifier while achieving an amplified optical power, increasing the modulation bandwidth, wavelength adjustment and reducing the linewidth of each wavelength, in a low noise criteria. The optical terminal is composed by a modulated retroreflector to achieve the purpose of lightweight and low power consumption.

An optical wireless communication system comprising a transmitter apparatus that comprises: an illumination light source configured to output visible light for illumination purposes, and a controller configured to control operation of the illumination light source to produce modulation of the visible light to provide an optical wireless communication signal representing data; a further light source configured to output further light, wherein the controller is configured to control operation of the further light source to produce modulation of the further light to provide a further optical wireless communication signal representing substantially the same data, wherein the visible light and the further light have different wavelengths.

Devices, systems, and methods for providing wireless personal area networks (PANs) and local area networks (LANs) using visible and near-visible optical spectrum. Various constructions and material selections are provided herein. According to one embodiment, a free space optical (FSO) communication apparatus includes a digital data port, an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) each configured to have a transient response time of less than 500 picoseconds (ps), and current drive circuitry coupled between the digital data port and the array of LEDs.

Provided are various embodiments related to an electronic device. According to an embodiment, an electronic device may comprise: an IR (infrared light) transmission unit for outputting IR light; an IR reception unit for receiving IR light; and processor. The processor is configured to: identify a first IR transmission signal to be transmitted to an external device; identify a first time interval and a second time interval, which correspond to the first IR transmission signal; output first IR light corresponding to at least a part of the first IR transmission signal through the IR transmission unit in the first time interval; identify whether second IR light having the intensity larger than or equal to a threshold is received by the IR reception unit in the second time interval; and when the second IR light having the intensity larger than or equal to the threshold is received by the IR reception unit in the second time interval, interrupt transmission of the IR transmission signal. In addition, other embodiments may be possible.

A method and system for managing interference between transmission sources in an Optical Camera Communication (OCC) network is disclosed. The method includes receiving interference information associated with a set of transmission sources. Each of the set of transmission sources include a set of light sources configured to display one of a plurality of colors. The method further includes assigning a unique guard band to each of the set of transmission sources. The method includes sharing details of the unique guard band assigned to a first transmission source within the set of transmission sources with the camera. The camera is configured as the receiver of the first transmission source. The method further includes instructing the camera to accept data transmitted by the first transmission source based on the assigned unique guard band and drop data transmitted by the remaining set of transmission sources.

Embodiments relate to a bidirectional free space optical (FSO) communications system. Specifically, data-encoded FSO beams are transmitted and received between two terminals. A transmit (Tx) direction of a beam transmitted from the first terminal is dithered by a beam steering unit (BSU). As the dithered beam is received by the second terminal, the power levels of the beam are measured. The power levels are then encoded in a data-encoded FSO beam transmitted to the first terminal. This allows the first terminal to decode the received FSO beam and determine the power levels. The power levels allow the first terminal to determine Tx direction misalignments and adjust the Tx direction for the Tx beam sent to the second terminal. This process may be repeated to reduce Tx misalignments and may be performed by both terminals such that each terminal sends power level information to the opposite terminal.

An ad hoc communication network includes at least one vehicle-side radio device connected to a vehicle, a plurality of track-side radio devices installed on a track of the vehicle, and a monitoring and control unit, which is connected to at least one track-side radio device for communication. The track-side radio devices communicate, without logical connection with other track-side radio devices located within the radio range and with the vehicle-side radio device and forward received data to other track-side radio devices located within the radio range. At least two other track-side radio devices are located in each direction along the track within the radio range of each track-side radio device. The track-side radio devices transfer received data to the closest and to the second closest track-side radio device in at least one direction along the track.

A method for aligning a first optical transceiver includes steps of splitting, directing, recording, and actuating. The splitting step includes splitting a light beam into a) a reference beam that propagates along a common optical path within the first optical transceiver and b) a transmit beam that that propagates away from the first optical transceiver and toward a second optical transceiver. The directing step includes directing, with a beam director, a receive beam from the second optical transceiver onto the common optical path. The recording step includes recording, with a tracking focal-plane array (FPA) that intersects the common optical path, a reference-position of the reference beam and an initial-received-position of the receive beam on the tracking FPA. The actuating step includes actuating the beam director based upon the initial-received-position to achieve a subsequent position of the receive beam on the tracking FPA.

Embodiments are directed to systems and methods for utilizing aircraft cockpit and cabin lighting to provide both power and data transmission to occupants. Data and power may be transmitted on non-visible and/or visible spectrums. The visible light may be used independently for aircraft illumination. Data for the cockpit allows for quick upload and download of flight planning and maintenance data to an electronic flight bag. The electronic flight bag may also be able to receive power from cockpit and cabin lighting during flight.