A tunable optical dispersion compensator (TODC) for providing chromatic dispersion (CD) compensation of optical signals in a plurality of optical channels comprises: a plurality of CD compensation fibers; a tunable optical switch configurable for directing an optical signal in any of the plurality of optical channels to one of the plurality of fibers, dependent on a central wavelength of the optical signal; a first switch configurable for directing all signals in the plurality of optical channels to a first CD compensation fiber, in a first mode of operation, and for bypassing the first CD compensation fiber in a second mode of operation; and, the first CD compensation fiber, wherein the first switch and the tunable optical switch are connected so as to enable combining CD compensation provided by the first CD compensation fiber and CD compensation provided by any one of the plurality of CD compensation fibers.

A millimeter-wave communication device includes a coupler, Radio-Frequency (RF) circuitry and a composite right/left-handed metamaterial assembly. The coupler is configured to connect to a waveguide, the waveguide being transmissive at millimeter-wave frequencies and having a given dispersion characteristic over a predefined band of the millimeter-wave frequencies. The RF circuitry is configured to transmit a millimeter-wave signal into the waveguide via the coupler, or to receive a millimeter-wave signal from the waveguide via the coupler, and to process the millimeter-wave signal. The composite right/left-handed metamaterial assembly is formed to apply to the millimeter-wave signal, or to an Intermediate-Frequency (IF) signal corresponding to the millimeter-wave signal, a dispersion compensation that compensates for at least part of the dispersion characteristic of the waveguide over the predefined band.

A receiver is configured to calculate a representation of a received signal conveying symbols at a frequency f.sub.S, the representation comprising a first frequency band and a second frequency band which are disjoint and have non-zero correlation. The receiver calculates a first term comprising a function of a phase difference between the representation at a first pair of frequencies separated by a gap Δ and comprised within the first frequency band, and a second term comprising a function of a phase difference between the representation at a second pair of frequencies separated by the gap Δ and comprised within the second frequency band, wherein the higher frequency of the first pair and the higher frequency of the second pair are separated by a gap G. An estimate of chromatic dispersion in the received signal is calculated based on the first term and the second term.

A receiver is configured to calculate a representation of a received signal conveying symbols at a frequency f.sub.S, the representation comprising a first frequency band and a second frequency band which are disjoint and have non-zero correlation. The receiver calculates a first term comprising a function of a phase difference between the representation at a first pair of frequencies separated by a gap Δ and comprised within the first frequency band, and a second term comprising a function of a phase difference between the representation at a second pair of frequencies separated by the gap Δ and comprised within the second frequency band, wherein the higher frequency of the first pair and the higher frequency of the second pair are separated by a gap G. An estimate of chromatic dispersion in the received signal is calculated based on the first term and the second term.

A binary encoder includes an input configured to receive a binary signal, an encoding processor configured to compute a plurality of different variations of the binary signal, combine each of the different variations with a different redundancy sequence to create a plurality of optional output binary sequences, and select one of the optional output binary sequences according to a binary digit prevalence, and an output configured to output the selected binary sequence. A decoder configured to identify a redundancy sequence of a received binary signal to select a transformation function according to the redundancy sequence and to convert the binary signal according to the transformation function.

[Problem] A signal distortion generated when a multi-level modulated optical signal is transmitted through an optical transmission path where optical amplifiers are scattered is suppressed and transmission quality is improved.

[Solution] An optical transmission system 20 includes Tx 21a to Tx 21n configured to transmit a multi-level modulated optical signal 32 to an optical fiber 25, optical amplifiers 26a to 26f configured to amplify the optical signal 32 transmitted through the optical fiber 25, the optical amplifiers 26a to 26f being scattered on the optical fiber 25, and Rx 24a to Rx 24n configured to receive the amplified optical signal 32 via the optical fiber 25. A pre-dispersion compensation unit 27 of each of the Tx 21a to Tx 21n performs pre-dispersion compensation on the transmitted optical signal 32, based on a pre-dispersion compensation ratio for determining a percentage of dispersion compensation to be performed in advance on a wavelength dispersion to be accumulated in the optical fiber 25, with respect to the dispersion compensation to narrow a bandwidth to be widened by the wavelength dispersion during transmission of the optical signal 32 through the optical fiber 25.

[Problem] A signal distortion generated when a multi-level modulated optical signal is transmitted through an optical transmission path where optical amplifiers are scattered is suppressed and transmission quality is improved.

[Solution] An optical transmission system 20 includes Tx 21a to Tx 21n configured to transmit a multi-level modulated optical signal 32 to an optical fiber 25, optical amplifiers 26a to 26f configured to amplify the optical signal 32 transmitted through the optical fiber 25, the optical amplifiers 26a to 26f being scattered on the optical fiber 25, and Rx 24a to Rx 24n configured to receive the amplified optical signal 32 via the optical fiber 25. A pre-dispersion compensation unit 27 of each of the Tx 21a to Tx 21n performs pre-dispersion compensation on the transmitted optical signal 32, based on a pre-dispersion compensation ratio for determining a percentage of dispersion compensation to be performed in advance on a wavelength dispersion to be accumulated in the optical fiber 25, with respect to the dispersion compensation to narrow a bandwidth to be widened by the wavelength dispersion during transmission of the optical signal 32 through the optical fiber 25.

A receiver is configured to calculate a representation of a received signal conveying symbols at a frequency f.sub.S, the representation comprising a first frequency band and a second frequency band which are disjoint and have non-zero correlation. The receiver calculates a first term comprising a function of a phase difference between the representation at a first pair of frequencies separated by a gap Δ and comprised within the first frequency band, and a second term comprising a function of a phase difference between the representation at a second pair of frequencies separated by the gap Δ and comprised within the second frequency band, wherein the higher frequency of the first pair and the higher frequency of the second pair are separated by a gap G. An estimate of chromatic dispersion in the received signal is calculated based on the first term and the second term.

A receiver is configured to calculate a representation of a received signal conveying symbols at a frequency f.sub.S, the representation comprising a first frequency band and a second frequency band which are disjoint and have non-zero correlation. The receiver calculates a first term comprising a function of a phase difference between the representation at a first pair of frequencies separated by a gap Δ and comprised within the first frequency band, and a second term comprising a function of a phase difference between the representation at a second pair of frequencies separated by the gap Δ and comprised within the second frequency band, wherein the higher frequency of the first pair and the higher frequency of the second pair are separated by a gap G. An estimate of chromatic dispersion in the received signal is calculated based on the first term and the second term.

The present invention relates to a shelf-stable cooking-aid for coating and flying a food product in one step for example in a heating pan, the cooking aid comprising 3-28 wt % oil, 20-60 wt % water, 2.3-5.5 wt % modified starch, 3-15 wt % salt, 0.5-30 wt % sugar and 0.5-30 wt % flavorings and wherein the cooking aid has a viscosity in the range of 8 to 60 Pa.Math.s at a shear rate of 1s.sup.−1 at 25° C., and the oil and water are in form of an emulsion. Further aspects of the invention are the method for making said cooking-aid as well as a method for coating and flying a food product in a heated pan or heated surface.