A translation device, a test system, and a memory system are provided. The translation device includes plural first input/output (I/O) circuits that respectively transmit and receive first signals through plural pins based on a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)-M mode, a second I/O circuit that transmits and receives a second signal through one or more pins based on a PAM-N mode, and a translation circuit that translates the first signals into the second signal and translates the second signal into the first signals. M and N are different integers of 2 or more.

A translation device, a test system, and a memory system are provided. The translation device includes plural first input/output (I/O) circuits that respectively transmit and receive first signals through plural pins based on a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)-M mode, a second I/O circuit that transmits and receives a second signal through one or more pins based on a PAM-N mode, and a translation circuit that translates the first signals into the second signal and translates the second signal into the first signals. M and N are different integers of 2 or more.

A method of testing a phased array antenna that includes a plurality of antenna element pairs, each antenna element pair of the plurality of antenna element pairs including a first antenna element and a second antenna element, the method including: for each antenna element pair of the plurality of antenna element pairs, performing a first cross element gain measurement from the first antenna element to the second antenna element of that antenna element pair; and determining whether there is a problem associated with the phased array antenna by examining the first cross element gain measurements for the plurality of antenna element pairs.

A method of testing a phased array antenna that includes a plurality of antenna element pairs, each antenna element pair of the plurality of antenna element pairs including a first antenna element and a second antenna element, the method including: for each antenna element pair of the plurality of antenna element pairs, performing a first cross element gain measurement from the first antenna element to the second antenna element of that antenna element pair; and determining whether there is a problem associated with the phased array antenna by examining the first cross element gain measurements for the plurality of antenna element pairs.

A self-diagnosing validation device includes an NFC reader having an RF signal range, an active diagnostic chip positioned within the RF signal range of the NFC reader, a memory, and a processing unit. The active diagnostic chip is configured to be selectively powered during a diagnostic procedure. The processing unit is configured to determine that the diagnostic procedure needs to be performed on the NFC reader and perform the diagnostic procedure. The diagnostic procedure includes activating the active diagnostic chip by supplying power to the active diagnostic chip, reading, using the NFC reader, any data being transmitted by the active diagnostic chip, determining whether any data was read by the NFC reader, and determining whether the NFC reader is functioning properly based at least in part of the determination whether any data was read by the NFC reader

Examples of a system and method for adaptively tuning a radio frequency (RF) front-end are generally described herein. In some examples, the frequency of a transmit signal of RF front-end circuitry is swept in at least a part of the RF transmit band. RF power in a receiver is detected as a function of the RF frequency of the transmit signal to determine a location of at least one tunable notch or other band stop element in the frequency domain. Information from the detected RF power is determined as a function of the RF frequency of the transmit signal. The RF front-end circuitry is adjusted to a selected frequency response using the determined information.

A power detector for detecting an output power of a power amplifier is provided. The power amplifier is used to transmit signal power to the antenna. The power detector includes a phase shifter, a multiplier and a calibration unit. The phase shifter sequentially applies a plurality of candidate phase calibration amounts to the output voltage of the power amplifier to generate a plurality of adjusted signals with different phases in a calibration mode. The multiplier sequentially mixes the replica current and each of the plurality of adjusted signals, to generate a plurality of analog signals with different phases. The calibration circuit determines a target phase calibration amount of the phase shifter from the candidate phase calibration amounts according to the plurality of analog signals.

The transmission and reception group delay in a front end structure of a mobile device may be determined using closed loop calibration. The closed loop may be a near field radiated closed loop between pairs of antennas in an antenna array of the mobile device. The delay based on time of transmission and time of reception may be measured for a plurality of pairs of antennas, from which the transmit and receive group delay within a single path may be determined. The propagation delay of the signal between antennas may be included in the group delay calibration for increased accuracy. In another implementation, a conducted closed loop, e.g., in the transceiver or in a radio frequency switching network may be used to calibrate the group delay. Pre-characterization of the delay caused by components between the closed loop and antennas may be included in the group delay calibration for increased accuracy.

In an embodiment, a communications system includes a transmitter including a digital beamforming baseband section including a digital mixer, the digital beamforming section configured to receive an input signal to be transmitted, the input signal at a baseband frequency; and a modulation section electrically coupled to the digital beamforming baseband section, the modulation section including an up converter configured to receive a local oscillator signal at a local oscillator frequency. The digital mixer is configured to apply a baseband frequency shift to the input signal to generate a baseband frequency shifted input signal at a different frequency from the baseband frequency. The up converter is configured to up convert the baseband frequency shifted input signal based on the local oscillator signal to generate a modulated signal at a carrier frequency, wherein the local oscillator frequency is different from the carrier frequency.

In an embodiment, a communications system includes a transmitter including a digital beamforming baseband section including a digital mixer, the digital beamforming section configured to receive an input signal to be transmitted, the input signal at a baseband frequency; and a modulation section electrically coupled to the digital beamforming baseband section, the modulation section including an up converter configured to receive a local oscillator signal at a local oscillator frequency. The digital mixer is configured to apply a baseband frequency shift to the input signal to generate a baseband frequency shifted input signal at a different frequency from the baseband frequency. The up converter is configured to up convert the baseband frequency shifted input signal based on the local oscillator signal to generate a modulated signal at a carrier frequency, wherein the local oscillator frequency is different from the carrier frequency.