Disclosed are a method and a device for recovering clock data of a tributary signal in SDH, wherein the method includes that: it is to extract valid data of the signal from a time slot of each tributary in a synchronous digital hierarchy SDH frame, and store into a storage space corresponding to a time slot of each tributary in a cache; it is to recover a clock signal and a readout signal for the time slot of each tributary by means of time division multiplexing; when the readout signal for the time slot of any tributary is valid, it is to read out contents of the data from the storage space corresponding to the time slot of the tributary in the cache, and latch into a latch corresponding to the time slot; the device includes: a data extracting module, a clock recovery circuit and a data recovery module.

A transmitter arrangement using randomization is disclosed. The arrangement includes one or more randomizers, a measure component and a frame select component. The one or more randomizers are configured to generate one or more randomized frames from an original frame. The measure component is configured to measure a criterion for the original frame and the one or more randomized frames. The frame select component is configured to select a frame for transmission from the one or more randomized frames and the original frame. The selection is performed according to the measured criteria, such as frame duration.

A method of compensating for transmitting to multiple devices during device-to-device (D2D) communications may include determining that a receiving wireless device of a device-to-device (D2D) pair may experience a timing conflict. The timing conflict may be with respect to the receiving wireless device receiving at least a portion of a D2D communication transmitted by a transmitting wireless device of the D2D pair while the receiving wireless device is transitioning between a transmitting mode and a receiving mode. The method may also include adjusting the D2D communication to compensate for the timing conflict.

A method of compensating for transmitting to multiple devices during device-to-device (D2D) communications may include determining that a receiving wireless device of a device-to-device (D2D) pair may experience a timing conflict. The timing conflict may be with respect to the receiving wireless device receiving at least a portion of a D2D communication transmitted by a transmitting wireless device of the D2D pair while the receiving wireless device is transitioning between a transmitting mode and a receiving mode. The method may also include adjusting the D2D communication to compensate for the timing conflict.

A method for communication includes, receiving in a first communication interface input frames, which include data symbols derived by encoding respective characters, and one or more synchronization symbols distinguishable from the data symbols. The characters are recovered from the data symbols, and transmitted to a second communication interface by mapping the characters into communication frames and discarding the synchronization symbols, wherein a protocol for delivering the characters supports a mapping scheme for delivering the characters at a first data rate, and mapping the characters includes mapping the characters so as to deliver the characters at a second data rate lower than the first data rate. The characters are extracted from the communication frames in the second communication interface by synchronizing to the mapped input frames independently of the synchronization symbols. The input frames are reconstructed to including the data symbols and the synchronization symbols, by re-encoding the extracted characters.

An optical transmission device includes: a serializer and deserializer configured to convert an input client signal into parallel data at a sampling rate of k times (k is a power of 2) a rate of the input client signal and output the parallel data; a frame generation section configured to generate an optical channel payload unit (OPU) frame from the client signal; and a stuff control section connected to an output of the parallel data and configured to perform, in units of 1/k bits, a stuff operation to map the client signal into the OPU frame and thereby calculate a Cn(n=1/k) value which is a theoretical value of the stuff operation.

An optical transmission device includes: a serializer and deserializer configured to convert an input client signal into parallel data at a sampling rate of k times (k is a power of 2) a rate of the input client signal and output the parallel data; a frame generation section configured to generate an optical channel payload unit (OPU) frame from the client signal; and a stuff control section connected to an output of the parallel data and configured to perform, in units of 1/k bits, a stuff operation to map the client signal into the OPU frame and thereby calculate a Cn(n=1/k) value which is a theoretical value of the stuff operation.

An optical transmission apparatus that accommodates client signals in a line signal, includes: an OPUn mapper unit that receives and maps the client signals; and a mapping control unit that determines the number of pieces of client data to be mapped to a payload portion and determines the timing to insert client data and information on the number of pieces of client data into the payload portion to control mapping performed in the OPUn mapper unit.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provides a method for service processing in an optical transport network including: mapping a client service into a service container; and mapping the service container into an optical transport network frame, where a payload area of the optical transport network frame consists of payload blocks, each of the payload blocks includes an overhead area, and the overhead area includes an indicator being used for indicating whether data carried by the payload block is service container data or stuff data. The embodiments of the present disclosure further provide an apparatus for service processing in an optical transport network, an electronic device and a computer readable medium.

A method includes obtaining first data at a first rate, wherein the first data is encoded using a first forward error correction (FEC) code type, encoding the first data according to a second FEC code type to obtain second data, adding an amount of additional data in a specific proportion to the second data to obtain third data, wherein the amount of additional data is based on a ratio of a second rate of sending the third data to the first rate of obtaining the first data, and wherein the second rate is greater than the first rate, and sending the third data at the second rate.