Disclosed are a physical layer (PHY) protocol data unit (PPDU) transmission method and a related apparatus. The method includes: generating a PPDU, where the PPDU includes a universal signal field (U-SIG), and the U-SIG includes a subfield indicating that the PPDU is a null data packet (NDP); and sending the PPDU. In this way, a beamformee (Bfee) that receives the NDP can identify the NDP earlier. This helps improve efficiency of reading the NDP by the Bfee. The PPDU is an NDP used for a standard after 802.11ax. In a scenario in which wireless communication is performed by using the standard (for example, 802.11be) after 802.11ax, the Bfee can perform channel estimation based on the NDP.

First user equipment (UE) exchanges at least a portion of data to be transmitted to a communication network with a second UE on a side channel. The UEs then send the data to the network at increased transmission power by using transmit antennas of both the first and second UEs, instead of just those of the first UE. In some cases, the second UE may transmit a variation of the data sent by the first UE to perform transmit diversity and improve signal-to-noise ratio. To avoid unintended beamforming of the transmissions, the network may mix signals (e.g., having a same symbol) received at the same time period but at different sub-carriers, or mix the signals received at different time periods but at the same sub-carrier. The network may notify the UEs of a phase correction value based on the signals, and the UEs may adjust using the phase correction value.

Transmitter having multiple transmit antennas for transmitting two or more streams. The transmitter comprises an encoding circuitry configured to perform space-time block encoding to obtain for at least one of the two or more streams a pair of space-time encoded streams. Further, a mapping circuitry is configured to assign each stream of each pair of space-time encoded streams to a transmit antenna of the multiple transmit antennas for wirelessly transmitting the two or more streams. Finally, a control circuitry is configured to adjust one or more parameters of the mapping circuitry in order to achieve a defined channel characteristic between the transmitter and a receiver.

Provided are a transmitter and a method for transmitting a data block in a wireless communication system. The method comprises the following steps: deciding the number of bits (s) and encoders (N.sub.ES) to allocate to one axis of a signal constellation; encoding an information bit based on the s and the N.sub.ES and generating a coded block; parsing the coded block based on the s and the N.sub.ES and generating a plurality of frequency sub-blocks; and transmitting the plurality of frequency sub-blocks to a receiver.

Modulated signal A is transmitted from a first antenna, and modulated signal B is transmitted from a second antenna. As modulated signal B, modulated symbols S2(i) and S2(i+1) obtained from different data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. In contrast, as modulated signal A, modulated symbols S1(i) and S1(i)′ obtained by changing the signal point arrangement of the same data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. As a result the reception quality can be changed intentionally at time i and time i+1, and therefore using the demodulation result of modulated signal A of a time when the reception quality is good enables both modulated signals A and B to be demodulated with good error rate performances.

The present application provides a spatial layered transmission method and a spatial layered transmission device. The spatial layered transmission method includes steps of: dividing to-be-transmitted data into at least two layers of spatial data; determining a symbol rate for each layer of spatial data, to enable an error between SERs for the layers of spatial data to be smaller than a predetermined error threshold; and encoding each layer of spatial data in accordance with the determined symbol rate, and transmitting the encoded layer of spatial data.

Systems, devices, and methods of the present invention facilitate secure communication by changing sets of symbol waveforms used transmit data in particular symbol times defined herein as Symbol Waveform Hopping. SWH may be enabled by selecting two or more modulation formats that have sufficiently comparable communication performance (e.g., occupied bandwidth and signal power efficiency) to enable successful sending of data between a transmitter and receiver employing SWH, but characterized by symbol waveform alphabet that include different symbol waveform, so that the overall transmission/communication performance of data stream in a signal transmission channel of the system is not significantly affected by switching between modulation formats, but one symbol waveform alphabet is not reliably able to receive signals sent using the other alphabets. Some or all of the symbol waveforms in each alphabet may not be present in other alphabets.

A method for transmitting signals over a power line network, wherein within the power line network at least one transmitter and at least one receiver communicate via at least two channels, each channel including a respective feeding port of at least one transmitter and the respective receiving port of the at least one transmitter and transmitter including at least two feeding ports. The method: determines a channel characteristic of each of the channels; applies a feeding port selection criterion based on the channel characteristic; and selects an excluded feeding port among the at least two feeding ports based on the feeding port selection criterion, wherein the excluded feeding port is not used during further communication. A corresponding power line communication modem can implement the method.

An apparatus of a transmitter may include, for example, a Golay builder to build modulated Golay sequences for at least a non-EDMG Short Training Field (L-STF), and a non-EDMG Channel Estimation Field (L-CEF) of a PPDU; a scrambler to generate scrambled bits by scrambling bits of a non-EDMG header (L-header) and a data field of the PPDU; an encoder to encode the scrambled bits into encoded bits according to a low-density parity-check (LDDC) code; a constellation mapper to map the encoded bits into a stream of constellation points according to a constellation scheme; a spreader to spread the stream of constellation points according to a Golay sequence; and a transmit chain mapper to map a bit stream output from the Golay builder and the spreader to a plurality of transmit chains by applying a spatial expansion with relative cyclic shift over the plurality of transmit chains.

A transmitter for transmitting data signals to at least one communications device over a wired network on a plurality of carriers is provided, wherein the carriers are located in frequencies being allocated by one or more radio services, wherein each of the radio services is allocated to one or a plurality of frequency bands, the transmitter comprising a symbol generator configured to generate symbols based on the data signals; a processor configured to generate copies of the symbols and to determine an allocation of the copies onto the plurality of carriers, wherein a first copy and a second copy of each symbol are allocated to carriers located in frequency bands that are allocated to different radio services; and a modulator configured to modulate the copies of the symbols on the carriers in accordance with the determined allocation.