Improvements to demodulators in receivers of radios used for train communications t to receive a radio frequency (RF) signal transmitting a packet of data. A demodulator is configured to generate a soft decision for a decoder, the soft decision including reliability information determined by calculating for the bit position a logarithmic likelihood ratio (LLR). The demodulator is configured to correct a bias in the LLR calculation for any one of the bit positions resulting from a difference in the number symbols in the set of all possible symbols that could have a 0 value in the bit position and the set of all possible symbols that could have a 1 in the bit position.

Techniques are provided for determining a path loss for semi-persistent SRS-for-positioning if the path loss resource set is not updatable through a MAC CE. An example method according to the disclosure includes receiving, from a serving base station, a medium access control control element, determining a spatial relation reference of a first sounding reference signal resource, setting a path loss reference for a sounding reference signal for positioning resource set to the spatial relation reference if the spatial relation reference is not an uplink reference signal, setting the path loss reference equal to a reference system resource from a synchronization signal block the user equipment utilizes to obtain a master information block if the spatial relation reference is an uplink reference signal, and transmitting the resources of the sounding reference signal for positioning resource set based at least in part on the path loss reference.

A data transmission device includes a de-interleaver configured to receive, from a host device at a first data rate, a data stream including encoded data, de-interleave the data stream into a plurality of forward error correction (FEC) data streams, and output the plurality of FEC data streams at a second data rate less than the first data rate. Each of a plurality of interleavers is configured to interleave a respective one of the plurality of FEC data streams into an intermediate data stream including first data blocks and second data blocks. An encoder module configured to generate, for each of the intermediate data streams, FEC blocks including a first parity section and a first data section, the first parity section including a first parity bit corresponding to the first data blocks and a second parity bit corresponding to the second data blocks, and the first data section including the first data blocks and the second data blocks, and output the FEC blocks at the second data rate.

A method for supporting a receiving operation based on 2D-NUC performed by a first wireless device according to the present embodiment, comprises the steps of: receiving first and second input information from a second wireless device; performing equalization on the first and second input information; and generating LLR information on the basis of lookup table information predetermined for the equalized first and second input information and 2D-NUC.

A receiver for data recovery from a channel signal of a communications channel. The receiver includes a quantization circuit to generate a quantized code corresponding to the channel signal. A first decision circuit recovers, in a first signal processing mode, digital data for the channel signal based on the quantized representation of the channel signal. A second decision circuit recovers, in a second signal processing mode, the digital data for the channel signal based on the quantized representation of the channel signal. A controller selects between the first signal processing mode and the second signal processing mode based on a parameter indicative of a signal quality of the channel signal.

A reception device includes: a receiver that receives a multiplexed signal; a first demapper that demaps the multiplexed signal, with a second modulated symbol stream of a second data series being included in the multiplexed signal as an undefined signal component, to generate a first bit likelihood stream of a first data series; a second demapper that demaps the multiplexed signal, with a first modulated symbol stream of the first data series being included in the multiplexed signal as an undefined signal component, to generate a second bit likelihood stream of the second data series; a first decoder that performs error control decoding on the first bit likelihood stream to derive the first data series; and a second decoder that performs error control decoding on the second bit likelihood stream to derive the second data series.

All data symbols used in data transmission of a modulated signal are precoded by switching between precoding matrices so that the precoding matrix used to precode each data symbol and the precoding matrices used to precode data symbols that are adjacent to the data symbol along the frequency axis and the time axis all differ. A modulated signal with such data symbols arranged therein is transmitted.

A decision feedback equalizer includes: a feedforward equalizer, a feedback equalizer, a slicer and a decision adjustment unit. The feedforward equalizer is arranged to generate a feedforward output signal based on an input signal. The feedback equalizer is coupled to the feedforward equalizer and arranged to generate a feedback output signal according to a decision output signal. The slicer is coupled to the feedforward equalizer and the feedback equalizer, and is controllable by a decision adjustment parameter, wherein the slicer is arranged to perform a slicer decision on a sum of the feedforward output signal and the feedback output signal, thereby generating the decision output signal. The decision adjustment unit is coupled to the slicer, and is arranged to adjust the decision adjustment parameter according to a sleep state of a communication device in which the decision feedback equalizer is disposed.

Provided is an optical transmission device including: a symbol demapping unit; a likelihood generation circuit configured to generate likelihoods relating to the reception signal; and an error correction decoding unit configured to execute soft decision decoding. The likelihood generation circuit includes: a first one-dimensional-modulation lookup table configured to input the signal of the I-axis component as an argument to output a first likelihood; a second one-dimensional-modulation lookup table configured to input the signal of the Q-axis component as an argument to output a second likelihood; and a two-dimensional-modulation lookup table configured to input, as an argument, the signal being the concatenation of the signal of the I-axis component and the signal of the Q-axis component, to generate a third likelihood. The error correction decoding unit is configured to execute the soft decision decoding based on the first likelihood, the second likelihood, and the third likelihood.

A communication unit for performing soft-decision demodulation comprises a receiver that receives a transmitted signal conveying a first set of bits comprising k bits selected from a set of 2.sup.k possible signals. A demodulator comprises a bank of 2.sup.k correlators that detects a transmission of each possible transmitted signal, and outputs 2.sup.k magnitudes of correlator outputs, based on the detected possible transmitted signals, as a first set of inputs. A-de-mapper circuit receives the first set of inputs and determines derived from a plurality of aggregated correlator output magnitude distributions of the first set of inputs, wherein the plurality of aggregated correlator output magnitude distributions is fewer than 2.sup.2k; and calculates therefrom a first set of aposteriori soft bits comprising k soft bits. In this manner, high quality soft-decisions can be obtained in a robust and practical manner.