A signal shaping device includes: a generation unit to perform plural types of predetermined processes on blocks obtained by dividing plural sequences of bit strings by a predetermined length, and generate a plurality of candidate blocks that are candidates for a shaped block to be transmitted; a calculation unit to calculate, on a candidate-block-by-candidate-block basis, a weight of a one-dimensional modulation symbol when a plurality of bits included in the candidate block are converted into the one-dimensional modulation symbol; a selection unit to select, from among the candidate blocks, the shaped block on a basis of the weight; an addition unit to add, to the shaped block, selection information indicating a selection result; and a symbol mapping unit to generate a one-dimensional modulation signal by converting a plurality of bits included in the shaped block, into the one-dimensional modulation symbol.

A toothbrush comprising a drive mechanism and electronic circuitry configured to drive the drive mechanism to execute toothbrushing motions is disclosed. The electronic circuitry comprises a drive circuitry and a controller which is configured to form a drive signal to operate the drive circuitry to generate drive current. The drive signal comprises a plurality of signal packets, wherein a signal packet has a signal packet duration and comprises a train of switching signals. The switching signals are configured to repeatedly switch on and switch off drive current supply to the drive mechanism at a switching frequency f.sub.s. The signal packet duration is configured to define a rhythm of toothbrushing motions.

A summer includes a first transconductance amplifier, a first switch coupled to a first input of the summer, a second switch coupled to a second input of the first transconductance amplifier, and a transimpedance amplifier. A first output of the first transconductance amplifier is coupled to a first input of the transimpedance amplifier, and a second output of the first transconductance amplifier is coupled to a second input of the transimpedance amplifier. The summer also includes a second transconductance amplifier. A tap input of the second transconductance amplifier is configured to receive a first digital code indicating a level decision for a first previous symbol, a first output of the second transconductance amplifier is coupled to the first input of the transimpedance amplifier, and a second output of the second transconductance amplifier is coupled to the second input of the transimpedance amplifier.

Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology exploits modulated coded impulses over a wide frequency spectrum with very low power over a short distance for digital data transmission. Today's leading edge modulated sinusoidal wave wireless communication standards and systems achieve power efficiencies of 50 nJ/bit employing narrowband signaling schemes and traditional RF transceiver architectures. However, such designs severely limit the achievable energy efficiency, especially at lower data rates such as below 1 Mbps. Further, it is important that peak power consumption is supportable by common battery or energy harvesting technologies and long term power consumption neither leads to limited battery lifetimes or an inability for alternate energy sources to sustain them. Accordingly, it would be beneficial for next generation applications to exploit inventive transceiver structures and communication schemes in order to achieve the sub nJ per bit energy efficiencies required by next generation applications.

The present disclosure relates to an adaptation method for data level (dLev) or data swing detection in a high-speed link system for multi-level (e.g. PAM-4) signaling. Provided are a receiver and a receiving method in which when a swing range of data received as an input is changed according to a channel condition, reference levels of data/swing detection samplers are not adaptively controlled, but the reference levels are fixed and a variable gain amplifier (VGA) is adaptively controlled for response to the change. Through the present disclosure, offset calibration of the data/swing detection samplers is more accurately performed and lower bit error rate (BER) is thus achieved.

A PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) modulator driver is configured to receive a PAM input signal having N input amplitude levels and provide a PAM output signal having N output amplitude levels, where N is an integer. The PAM modulator driver circuit configured to electrically adjust amplitude levels in the PAM output signal.

The present invention is to reduce detection of an erroneous edge caused by variation in a case of a sampling frequency that is not larger than a data transmission frequency. A semiconductor device includes: a data reception circuit configured to receive first data at first time and receive second data at second time; and an edge recognition circuit configured to set a range and detect an edge contained in the range. The edge recognition circuit includes a measurement circuit configured to measure a first period taken from the reception of the first data to the reception of the second data, and is configured to determine the range in which the edge contained in the data that is received by the data reception circuit is detected, on the basis of the first period.

A method of transmitting a Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) frame in a Very High Throughput (VHT) Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) system includes generating a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) to be transmitted to a destination station (STA), generating a PLCP Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) by adding a PLCP header, including an L-SIG field containing control information for a legacy STA and a VHT-SIG field containing control information for a VHT STA, to the MPDU, and transmitting the PPDU to the destination STA. A constellation applied to some of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) symbols of the VHT-SIG field is obtained by rotating a constellation applied to an OFDM symbol of the L-SIG field.

A hybrid voltage mode (VM) and current mode (CM) four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) transmitter circuits (a.k.a. drivers) is calibrated using a configurable replica circuit and calibration control circuitry. The replica circuit includes an on-chip termination impedance to mimic a receiver's termination impedance. The amount of level enhancement provided by the current mode circuitry is calibrated by adjusting the current provided to the output node and sunk from the output node by the replica current mode circuitry while the replica voltage mode circuitry is driving an intermediate PAM-4 level. After the level enhancement has been set, the non-linearity between levels is calibrated by adjusting the amount of current provided to the output node by the replica current mode circuitry while the replica voltage mode circuitry is driving a maximum output voltage level.

A power transmitter includes: a first switch coupled between a first node and a reference voltage node; a second switch configured to be coupled between a power supply and the first node; a coil and a capacitor coupled in series between the first node and the reference voltage node; a first sample-and-hold (S&H) circuit having an input coupled to the first node; and a timing control circuit configured to generate a first control signal, a second control signal, and a third control signal that have a same frequency, where the first control signal is configured to turn ON and OFF the first switch alternately, the second control signal is configured to turn ON and OFF the second switch alternately, and where the third control signal determines a sampling time of the first S&H circuit and has a first pre-determined delay from a first edge of the first control signal.