This application provides an interface circuit of a vehicle-mounted control unit comprising an H-bridge circuit, an input branch, and a pull-up network. An input end of the H-bridge circuit is connected to a controller 240, and an output end of the H-bridge circuit is connected to an interface port IO of the interface circuit. A first end of the input branch is connected to the interface port IO, and a second end of the input branch is connected to the controller.

Using a transformation based at least in part on a non-simple orthogonal or unitary matrix, data may be transmitted over a data bus in a manner that is resilient to one or more types of signal noise, that does not require a common reference at the transmission and acquisition points, and/or that has a pin-efficiency that is greater than 50% and may approach that of single-ended signaling. Such transformations may be implemented in hardware in an efficient manner. Hybrid transformers that apply such transformations to selected subsets of signals to be transmitted may be used to adapt to various signal set sizes and/or transmission environment properties including noise and physical space requirements of given transmission environments.

An apparatus for transmitting a bit in addition to a plurality of payload data symbols of a communication protocol is provided. The apparatus comprises an input interface configured to receive information about a bit value of the bit. Further, the apparatus comprises a transmission circuit configured to, if the bit value is a first value, transmit the plurality of payload data symbols at predetermined positions in a data signal as pulses of variable pulse length. The respective pulse length of each of the pulses is selected based on the symbol value of the payload data symbol represented by the respective pulse. If the bit value is a second value, the transmission circuit is configured to transmit a pulse exhibiting a pulse length being longer than a maximum payload data symbol pulse length defined in the communication protocol at the predetermined position of the pulse for the d-th payload data symbol of the plurality of payload data symbols, d=k+i if k+i≤z. d=([k+i] mod z) if k+i>z. k is the symbol value of the i-th payload data symbol of the plurality of payload data symbols, z is the number of possible symbol values of the payload data symbols defined in the communication protocol, and 1≤i≤z.

Transmission of baseband and carrier-modulated vector codewords, using a plurality of encoders, each encoder configured to receive information bits and to generate a set of baseband-encoded symbols representing a vector codeword; one or more modulation circuits, each modulation circuit configured to operate on a corresponding set of baseband-encoded symbols, and using a respective unique carrier frequency, to generate a set of carrier-modulated encoded symbols; and, a summation circuit configured to generate a set of wire-specific outputs, each wire-specific output representing a sum of respective symbols of the carrier-modulated encoded symbols and at least one set of baseband-encoded symbols.

Transmission of baseband and carrier-modulated vector codewords, using a plurality of encoders, each encoder configured to receive information bits and to generate a set of baseband-encoded symbols representing a vector codeword; one or more modulation circuits, each modulation circuit configured to operate on a corresponding set of baseband-encoded symbols, and using a respective unique carrier frequency, to generate a set of carrier-modulated encoded symbols; and, a summation circuit configured to generate a set of wire-specific outputs, each wire-specific output representing a sum of respective symbols of the carrier-modulated encoded symbols and at least one set of baseband-encoded symbols.

It is made possible to favorably perform signal transfer between a plurality of daisy-chain-connected devices. There is a communication line for performing communication between a first electronic device and a second electronic device. A data generating section generates first data to be transmitted to the first electronic device. Then, a data input section inputs the first data to a first position on the communication line. In addition, a first data suppressing section is provided at a second position on the communication line, the second position being closer to the second electronic device than the first position is, and the first data suppressing section prevents the first data from being sent to the second electronic device.

It is made possible to favorably perform signal transfer between a plurality of daisy-chain-connected devices. There is a communication line for performing communication between a first electronic device and a second electronic device. A data generating section generates first data to be transmitted to the first electronic device. Then, a data input section inputs the first data to a first position on the communication line. In addition, a first data suppressing section is provided at a second position on the communication line, the second position being closer to the second electronic device than the first position is, and the first data suppressing section prevents the first data from being sent to the second electronic device.

A data transmitting and receiving system includes a first device including an encoder configured to encode row data to generate precoding data and a transmitter configured to transmit the precoding data through a transmission channel and a second device including an integrator configured to perform an integral on the precoding data, an integral sampler including a plurality of samplers configured to output sampling data based on an offset value and an output value of the integrator, a decoder configured to decode outputs of some of the samplers to generate decoded data, and a phase detector configured to detect a phase difference between the precoding data and a clock based on the decoded data and an output of another one of the samplers.

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. In a multilevel encoding scheme, a transmitting device may divide a stream of information bits in a message into multiple substreams, and the transmitting device may input each substream to a different level of an encoder such that each substream is encoded separately. The transmitting device may also input excess bits to some levels of the encoder to add physical layer security to the message. To improve the chances that a receiving device is able to correctly decode the message, the receiving device may be configured to identify the levels at which the excess bits are encoded. Accordingly, the receiving device may be able to decode the information bits in the message and avoid attempting to decode the excess bits in the message as information bits.

Methods, systems, and devices for improving uniformity between levels of a multi-level signal are described. Techniques are provided herein to unify vertical alignment between data transmitted using multi-level signaling. Such multi-level signaling may be configured to capture transmitted data during a single clock cycle of a memory controller. An example of multi-level signaling scheme may be pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). Each unique symbol of the multi-level signal may be configured to represent a plurality of bits of data.