An apparatus and a method for managing network flow congestion are provided. The method for managing network flow congestion includes: receiving a plurality of packets; identifying whether each packet belongs to a predetermined protocol; distinguishing a plurality of connections of the packets belonged to the predetermined protocol; monitoring a buffer usage of each different connections; and performing a congestion check procedure on the currently monitored connection. In the congestion check procedure, when the buffer usage of the currently monitored connection exceeds a threshold, a congestion processing procedure is triggered.

A system and a method for evaluating transmission performance related to a network node, and a related device are disclosed. The system includes a network node and a control node. The network node is configured to obtain a test packet, and process the test packet by using a virtual switch, to generate a mirrored packet corresponding to the test packet. The mirrored packet carries a generation timestamp and generation location information. The control node is configured to receive the mirrored packet from the network node, to evaluate, based on the mirrored packet, transmission performance of at least a part of link that is related to the network node and that is in a path. The control node obtain transmission performance of the network node in the path and the transmission performance of at least a part of link that is related to the network node.

Described is a method for estimating throughput between first and second communication devices, the method comprising: determining maximum bottleneck throughput of a communication link between the first communication device and a third communication device, wherein the communication link between the first and third communication devices applies a common access network as between a communication link between the first and second communication devices; determining Round Trip Time (RTT) between the first and second communication devices; transmitting packet by applying User Datagram Protocol (UDP) from the third communication device to the first communication device; measuring packet loss rate associated with the transmitted packet by monitoring sequence number of the packet; and translating measured packet loss rate to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) throughput according to maximum bottleneck throughput and RTT.

This application provides a flow rate control method and apparatus. The flow rate control method in this application includes: receiving N explicit congestion notification packets CNPs from a first device, where the N CNPs correspond to a first data flow, and N is a natural number; and sending M CNPs to a second device based on the N CNPs, where the M CNPs correspond to the first data flow, and M is an integer greater than N. This application resolves a problem that rate increase processing is still performed on a data flow when the data flow is congested.

This application provides a flow control method, including: sending, by a first device, a first data packet to a second device in a first sending mode; determining, by the first device, a network congestion status; and sending, by the first device, a second data packet to the second device in the second sending mode, where the second sending mode is a sending mode determined by the first device based on the network congestion status, and the second data packet is a data packet to be sent after the first data packet.

This application discloses a method for forwarding a packet in a data center network. A first device obtains an original packet, and adds a first source label to the original packet to obtain a first packet. The first source label includes a forwarding type, an indication field, and an interface sequence. The forwarding type indicates that the first packet supports source label forwarding, the interface sequence indicates a first source label forwarding path of the original packet, and the indication field indicates information that is about an outbound interface and that should be read from the interface sequence. The first device sends the first packet to a next-hop switch through the outbound interface corresponding to the first source label forwarding path. The next-hop switch receives the first packet, and forwards the first packet based on the first source label.

The present disclosure provides example congestion measurement method and network node. One example method includes receiving a first delimitation packet by a first network node, where the first delimitation packet includes a first identifier indicating a time at which a second network node sends the first delimitation packet. Statistics associated with a congestion status of the first network node is collected based on the first delimitation packet and by using a first time interval as a length of a cycle, where the second network node sends two neighboring delimitation packets during the first time interval. A first-type statistics packet is sent to the second network node by using the first time interval as the length of the cycle, where the first-type statistics packet includes the first identifier, and the first-type statistics packet indicates the congestion status of the first network node in the first time interval.

Techniques for transmitting data packets on a shared channel in a data communications network, include determining a time slot interval, T, based on a longest data packet to be transmitted on a shared channel in a data communications network. At a first node in the data communications network a local base time, t.sub.0, is determined equal to a time at an end of receipt of a successful acknowledgement control packet on the shared channel. A local data packet is transmitted from the first node onto the shared channel at a transmit time that is an integer multiple n of T after the local base time t.sub.0. The local data packet is determined to be successfully transmitted when a successful acknowledgement control packet that uniquely indicates the local data packet is received on the shared channel within the interval T of transmitting the local data packet.

Provided are an apparatus and a method for allocating a bandwidth for providing a low-latency fronthaul service in a passive optical network. An bandwidth allocating method performed by a bandwidth allocating apparatus included in an OLT includes receiving an actual report message requesting bandwidth allocation from at least one ONU for wired subscribers connected to the OLT, receiving radio scheduling information for at least one ONU for mobile connected to the OLT from a central unit (CU)/digital unit (DU), generating a virtual report message using the radio scheduling information received from the CU/DU, allocating a transmission bandwidth for the at least one ONU for wired subscribers and the at least one ONU for mobile through the received actual report message and the generated virtual report message, and transmitting the allocated transmission bandwidth to the ONU for wired subscribers and the ONU for mobile using a grant message.

A bulk material tender includes a mobile frame, a hopper, and a discharge system. The mobile frame has a left side and a right side. The hopper is disposed on the mobile frame. The discharge system is configured to discharge particulate matter from the hopper. The discharge system includes a discharge auger, a deploying actuator, and a positioning actuator. The discharge auger presents a proximal end and a distal end. The deploying actuator is configured to selectively emplace the discharge auger in a stowed orientation and a deployed orientation, wherein the distal end is adjacent to the hopper in the stowed orientation. The positioning actuator configured to selectively emplace the discharge auger along the left side and the right side of the mobile frame. Once emplaced, the discharge auger discharges particulate material from the hopper toward a target location.