A system and a method are for routing data packets from or to at least one electronic control unit, referred to as outgoing packets or incoming packets respectively. The at least one electronic control unit is connected to a communications system via a first interface. The communications system is connected via a second interface to a modem suitable for transferring the outgoing packets and the incoming packets to or respectively from at least one telecommunications network through a plurality of access points. Each access point is secured or unsecured. The outgoing and incoming packets are processed according to the type of access point by which the packets are transferred to or from the at least one telecommunications network.

A method of transmitting multicast traffic to workloads of tenants communicating over overlay networks provisioned on top of a physical network includes the steps of: detecting the multicast traffic; determining that the multicast traffic is bound for workloads of a first tenant and workloads of a second tenant; encapsulating one instance of the multicast traffic using a Layer 2 (L2) over Layer 3 (L3) encapsulation protocol to generate encapsulated traffic, wherein the encapsulated traffic includes an identifier of a first backplane network corresponding to the first tenant and an identifier of a second backplane network corresponding to the second tenant in a header portion of each packet of the encapsulated traffic; and transmitting, to a first host computing device, the encapsulated traffic with the identifiers of the first and second overlay networks.

A method of transmitting multicast traffic to workloads of tenants communicating over overlay networks provisioned on top of a physical network includes the steps of: detecting the multicast traffic; determining that the multicast traffic is bound for workloads of a first tenant and workloads of a second tenant; encapsulating one instance of the multicast traffic using a Layer 2 (L2) over Layer 3 (L3) encapsulation protocol to generate encapsulated traffic, wherein the encapsulated traffic includes an identifier of a first backplane network corresponding to the first tenant and an identifier of a second backplane network corresponding to the second tenant in a header portion of each packet of the encapsulated traffic; and transmitting, to a first host computing device, the encapsulated traffic with the identifiers of the first and second overlay networks.

A user equipment (UE) can receive a first data stream and a second data stream; store data units of the second data stream, as stored data units, in a buffer while a retransmission operation is performed for the first data stream; determine that a threshold is satisfied with regard to the buffer, wherein the threshold is associated with a counter that is maintained based on the storing of the data units; and provide the stored data units based on determining that the threshold is satisfied.

Embodiments of this application disclose a congestion control method and a related device. A Transmission Control Protocol offload engine TOE sends a congestion control notification to a central processing unit CPU, where the congestion control notification instructs the CPU to obtain a target parameter, and the target parameter is used by the CPU to generate a congestion control calculation result. The TOE obtains the congestion control calculation result returned by the CPU, where the congestion control calculation result includes a congestion control window value. The TOE sends a packet based on the congestion control window value. In this application, the TOE and the CPU implement congestion control together. When a new congestion control algorithm emerges, the new congestion control algorithm may be applied without changing a structure of the TOE. Therefore, in this application, an upgrade period of the congestion control algorithm can be shortened, and flexibility can be improved.

A system can receive an indication associated with establishing a transmission control protocol (TCP) connection. The system can determine, based on the indication, information that identifies a user device associated with the TCP connection. The system can determine, based on the information that identifies the user device, a predicted congestion level of a base station associated with the TCP connection. The system can select, based on the predicted congestion level, a congestion control algorithm to be implemented for the TCP connection. The system can cause the TCP connection to be established and implement the congestion control algorithm for the TCP connection.

The disclosure includes a method of performing congestion control by a server device in a network. The method includes setting an effective window equal to a congestion window; sending traffic including the effective window to a client device; receiving an acknowledgment (ACK) from the client device; incrementing the congestion window if the ACK is not a duplicate; and updating the effective window based at least partly on the incremented congestion window.

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a method including monitoring a video session to determine key performance indicators for cross-layer interactions between a network providing video session video data and user equipment receiving the video session video data, wherein the key performance indicators include a transmission control protocol congestion window size that corresponds to a video chunk requested by the user equipment, and a radio access network throughput of a download of the video chunk requested by the user equipment, and determining a quality of service for the user equipment during the video session according to a residual length of content in a playback buffer for the user equipment based on the transmission control protocol congestion window size, and the radio access network throughput. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a method including monitoring a video session to determine key performance indicators for cross-layer interactions between a network providing video session video data and user equipment receiving the video session video data, wherein the key performance indicators include a transmission control protocol congestion window size that corresponds to a video chunk requested by the user equipment, and a radio access network throughput of a download of the video chunk requested by the user equipment, and determining a quality of service for the user equipment during the video session according to a residual length of content in a playback buffer for the user equipment based on the transmission control protocol congestion window size, and the radio access network throughput. Other embodiments are disclosed.

A networking arrangement is comprises a first network device for transmitting a data stream to a second network device over a network, the method comprises: transmitting a series of first packets to the second network device, each of the first packets having an transmission time and comprising a unique identification value, receiving, from the second network device, a second packet, the second packet indicating receipt of a least one of the first packets by the second network device, determining a standard round-trip time and determining a current round-trip time in dependence on a transmission time of an oldest first packet for which no indication of receipt has been received, and a receipt time of a most recently received second packet, determining an unused network bandwidth between the first network device and the second network device in dependence on the current round-trip time and standard round-trip time.