A method and apparatus to perform communicating with a network device in a communication network by another network device, information including characteristics of a 3 GPP system network associated with the another network device; based at least on the information, determining scheduling information for communication by at least one network node in the 3 GPP system network; and sending the scheduling information for the communication in the 3 GPP system network. Further, to perform communicating with a network device in a communication network by another network device information including characteristics of an 3 GPP system network associated with the another network device; and based on the characteristics, communicating with the network device to identify at least one interval of time to achieve a specific deterministic latency for a communication in the 3 GPP system network by at least one network node.

A method and apparatus to perform communicating with a network device in a communication network by another network device, information including characteristics of a 3 GPP system network associated with the another network device; based at least on the information, determining scheduling information for communication by at least one network node in the 3 GPP system network; and sending the scheduling information for the communication in the 3 GPP system network. Further, to perform communicating with a network device in a communication network by another network device information including characteristics of an 3 GPP system network associated with the another network device; and based on the characteristics, communicating with the network device to identify at least one interval of time to achieve a specific deterministic latency for a communication in the 3 GPP system network by at least one network node.

Provided are an apparatus and a method for allocating a bandwidth for providing a low-latency fronthaul service in a passive optical network. An bandwidth allocating method performed by a bandwidth allocating apparatus included in an OLT includes receiving an actual report message requesting bandwidth allocation from at least one ONU for wired subscribers connected to the OLT, receiving radio scheduling information for at least one ONU for mobile connected to the OLT from a central unit (CU)/digital unit (DU), generating a virtual report message using the radio scheduling information received from the CU/DU, allocating a transmission bandwidth for the at least one ONU for wired subscribers and the at least one ONU for mobile through the received actual report message and the generated virtual report message, and transmitting the allocated transmission bandwidth to the ONU for wired subscribers and the ONU for mobile using a grant message.

Provided are an apparatus and a method for allocating a bandwidth for providing a low-latency fronthaul service in a passive optical network. An bandwidth allocating method performed by a bandwidth allocating apparatus included in an OLT includes receiving an actual report message requesting bandwidth allocation from at least one ONU for wired subscribers connected to the OLT, receiving radio scheduling information for at least one ONU for mobile connected to the OLT from a central unit (CU)/digital unit (DU), generating a virtual report message using the radio scheduling information received from the CU/DU, allocating a transmission bandwidth for the at least one ONU for wired subscribers and the at least one ONU for mobile through the received actual report message and the generated virtual report message, and transmitting the allocated transmission bandwidth to the ONU for wired subscribers and the ONU for mobile using a grant message.

The embodiments in this invention extend distributed unit (DU), central unit (CU) and control plane of F1 (F1-C) capabilities so that differentiated DRBs of F1-U are placed on differentiated transport network components of equivalent QoS. This is achieved by a transport-aware DU and CU that can map each F1-U DRB into appropriate OSI layer 2-4 headers and can, subsequently, store such mappings. The F1-C interface is extended to distribute the layer 2-4 headers acquired from the transport network controller to the DUs and CU. A new control interface TN-C is defined between transport network controller and CU/DU. Furthermore, a trivial mapping of those embodiments is applicable for the N3 interface as well, which solves the same problem on the backhaul transport network.

Embodiments provide a method for transmitting a service stream in a flexible Ethernet and an apparatus. The method includes: obtaining a to-be-transmitted service stream, where the service stream is to be transmitted by using a target virtual connection supported by a physical connection group between a transmit end and a receive end, the physical connection group includes multiple physical connections and supports at least one virtual connection, and the target virtual connection is any one of the at least one virtual connection; determining, from total bandwidth resources of the multiple physical connections and according to timeslot configuration tables used by the multiple physical connections, a timeslot bandwidth resource that belongs to the target virtual connection; and transmitting the service stream to the receive end by using the timeslot bandwidth resource that belongs to the target virtual connection.

A method of managing default QoS rules for PDU session is proposed. A PDU session defines the association between the UE and the data network that provides a PDU connectivity service. Each PDU session is identified by a PDU session ID, and may include multiple QoS flows and QoS rules. There can be more than one QoS rule associated with the same QoS flow. A default QoS rule is required to be sent to the UE for every PDU session establishment and it is associated with a QoS flow. Within a PDU session, there should be one and only one default QoS rule. In one novel aspect, UE behavior and error handling for proper QoS rule management is defined for PDU session establishment and modification procedures to enforce the one and only one default QoS rule policy.

A method for operating a device in a wireless communication system is provided. The method includes receiving a plurality of embedded subscriber identity module (eSIM) profiles, each eSIM profile being associated with at least one quality of service (QoS) feature, performing a primary mapping between the plurality of eSIM profiles and applications available on the device based on QoS requirements of the applications, and performing transfer of data belonging to the applications using the mapped eSIM profiles corresponding to the primary mapping.

Provided are a reliability estimation system and a reliability estimation method capable of reducing a calculation amount of a reliability of a plurality of networks between terminals in communication between the terminals over the plurality of networks. The reliability estimation system according to the present invention calculates, for each network, a contraction reliability R.sub.x, a contraction reliability R.sub.x′ when nodes are contracted, and a contraction reliability R.sub.B′ between the networks including the terminals, and a true value of the reliability between the terminals over the plurality of networks is between a product P1 (=R.sub.B′ R.sub.x) and a product P2 (=R.sub.B′ R.sub.x′). Instead of calculating the true value of the reliability, only an upper limit and a lower limit are calculated, and thus, it is possible to significantly low additional remark the calculation amount.

Provided are a reliability estimation system and a reliability estimation method capable of reducing a calculation amount of a reliability of a plurality of networks between terminals in communication between the terminals over the plurality of networks. The reliability estimation system according to the present invention calculates, for each network, a contraction reliability R.sub.x, a contraction reliability R.sub.x′ when nodes are contracted, and a contraction reliability R.sub.B′ between the networks including the terminals, and a true value of the reliability between the terminals over the plurality of networks is between a product P1 (=R.sub.B′ R.sub.x) and a product P2 (=R.sub.B′ R.sub.x′). Instead of calculating the true value of the reliability, only an upper limit and a lower limit are calculated, and thus, it is possible to significantly low additional remark the calculation amount.