A method and apparatus include determining for use with a user equipment a measurement configuration, which includes at least information on a frequency location of synchronization signals, a carrier frequency value, and a measurement bandwidth. The measurement configuration is transmitted to the user equipment by higher layer signaling, where the higher layer signaling is above the physical layer. One or more synchronization signals are transmitted on the frequency location, from which a first identity value can be determined. A broadcast channel is transmitted to the user equipment from which a second identity value can be determined, the broadcast channel including a first reference signal based on the first identity value. A second reference signal based on the first identity value, the second identity value, the frequency location of synchronization signals, the carrier frequency value, and the measurement bandwidth is transmitted.

This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to multi-link traffic steering. A device may establish one or more links with a station multi-link device (STA MLD), wherein the STA MLD comprises one or more logical entities defining separate station devices. The device may generate a traffic indication map (TIM) bitmap of a plurality of bits, wherein one or more bits are associated with an association identification (AID) corresponding to the STA MLD. The device may set the one or more bits to a first value to indicate that there is data to be retrieved by the STA MLD on any of the one or more links. The device may generate one or more beacon frames each comprising a same TIM element, wherein the TIM element comprises the TIM bitmap. The device may cause to send one or more beacon frames on each of the one or more links.

In some examples, a network device includes an interface, and a processor to apply a restriction on multicast communication associated with an entity on the interface. The restriction on multicast communication includes detecting, on the interface, a multicast communication pattern associated with the entity, indicating, based on the multicast communication pattern on the interface violating a threshold, that the entity is malicious, and blocking processing of the multicast communication associated with the entity in response to indicating that the entity is malicious.

A method, a device, and a system for transmitting a multicast packet are provided. The method includes: when a device that is in a source subnet and that is connected to a core network receives a multicast packet of a target multicast group, determining addresses of devices that are in a plurality of destination subnets corresponding to the target multicast group and that are connected to the core network, replicating the multicast packet, to obtain a plurality of multicast packets whose quantity is equal to a quantity of the plurality of destination subnets, separately adding outer encapsulation to each multicast packet, and forwarding the multicast packet to which the outer encapsulation is added, where a destination address in the outer encapsulation is an address of a device that is in each destination subnet and that is connected to the core network.

In one embodiment, a method according to the present disclosure includes receiving a topology change advertisement at a remote core edge node and performing a network address information removal operation. The topology change advertisement is received from a core edge node that is in communication with an access network. The topology change advertisement indicates that a topology change has occurred in the access network. The network address information removal operation removes network address information stored by the remote core edge node. The network address information is used by the remote core edge node in participating in communications with the core edge node.

A streaming policy management system and method wherein bandwidth may be allocated based on external device information received from a streaming client device connected to one or more external audio/video (A/V) devices. When a streaming network back office receives a request from the streaming client device for delivery of a particular content, wherein the request includes external device information of one or more external A/V devices connected to the streaming client device, a bandwidth is determined for streaming the particular content to the streaming client device and a request may be made to a content delivery network to create a distribution pipe having the bandwidth to accommodate the delivery of the particular content. A manifest file is provided to the streaming client device that includes one or more pointers that point to content segments of the particular content.

Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a broadcast message management method, including: receiving a broadcast message sent by a target application program; determining a user experience assurance priority of the target application program, and determining a target broadcast queue corresponding to the target application program; saving the broadcast message in the target broadcast queue; and when a broadcast message scheduling request is received, scheduling, according to a target broadcast message scheduling priority corresponding to the target broadcast queue, the broadcast message stored in the target broadcast queue. The embodiments of the present disclosure further disclose a broadcast message management apparatus.

The system is directed to a plurality of nodes in a network and a process by which the nodes reach a consensus ordering of broadcast messages. For example, one or more nodes proceed by agreeing on an order of two or more broadcast message derived events A and B. If a node sees event A longer than a time period (T6) before seeing event B, then the node outputs A consensus-before B as a consensus broadcast ordering. If the node sees the event A and not the event B after waiting at least T6, then the node outputs A consensus-before B as a consensus broadcast ordering. However, if the node sees both events A and event B within T6, then the node broadcasts a request for a vote on message ordering, executes a consensus broadcast reception protocol for the votes, and makes an ordering decision based on the votes received.

In one embodiment, a method comprises: determining, by a network device in a wireless data network, a past throughput of broadcast data packets transmitted at broadcast transmission intervals of a prescribed broadcast schedule over a selected measurement interval, the broadcast transmission intervals each adjacent to unicast transmission intervals allocated in the wireless data network, each of the broadcast transmission intervals in the prescribed broadcast schedule initially set at a prescribed duration; predicting, by the network device, a predicted throughput of a future broadcast transmission interval of the prescribed broadcast schedule, for transmission of at least a future broadcast data packet, based on executing a trendline prediction of the predicted throughput using the past throughput over the selected measurement interval; and adjusting the corresponding prescribed duration of the future broadcast transmission interval, relative to the corresponding adjacent unicast transmission interval following the future broadcast transmission interval, based on the predicted throughput.

A routing system for distributing multicast routing information for a multicast service includes a plurality of routers including a multicast source router and a plurality of multicast receiver routers, the plurality of routers providing a multicast service, wherein the routers are configured to exchange multicast information associated with the multicast service including identification of multicast sources and the multicast receivers.